Larch Bark as a Formaldehyde Scavenger in Thermal Insulation Panels

M.C. Barbu; Y. Lohninger; S. Hofmann; G. Kain; A. Petutschnigg; E.M. Tudor

doi:10.3390/polym12112632

Larch Bark as a Formaldehyde Scavenger in Thermal Insulation Panels

M.C. Barbu
, Y. Lohninger
, S. Hofmann
, G. Kain
, A. Petutschnigg
, E.M. Tudor^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov
Higher Technical College Hallstatt

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the formaldehyde content and emissions of bark-based insulation panels bonded with three types of adhesives: urea formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and tannin-based adhesives. These panels were produced at two levels of density—300 and 500 kg/m3—and a thickness of 20 mm, and the influence of the adhesive amount and type on the formaldehyde emissions and content was measured. Other mechanical and physical properties such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, and dimensional stability were also scrutinized. With one exception, all the panels belonged to the super E0 classification for free formaldehyde content (perforator value ≤1.5 mg/100 g oven dry mass of panels). The measurements using the desiccator method for formaldehyde emissions assigned all the testing specimens in the F **** category for low-emission panels according to the Japanese International Standards.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1-10
Number of pages	10
Journal	Polym.
Volume	12
Issue number	11
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112632
Publication status	Published - 10 Nov 2020

Keywords

Formaldehyde emissions
Free formaldehyde
Insulation panels
Larch bark
Adhesives
Formaldehyde
Metabolism
Urea
Urea formaldehyde resins
Formaldehyde contents
Formaldehyde emission
Free formaldehydes
International standards
Mechanical and physical properties
Melamine urea formaldehydes
Modulus of rupture
Tannin-based adhesives
Thermal insulation

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10.3390/polym12112632

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85095789845&doi=10.3390%2fpolym12112632&partnerID=40&md5=0cc08cc54ccd4b4ac8ee2593b4881a51

Cite this

@article{0806d9e6c85b439fbe4fc0bec86fbdef,

title = "Larch Bark as a Formaldehyde Scavenger in Thermal Insulation Panels",

abstract = "The aim of this study is to investigate the formaldehyde content and emissions of bark-based insulation panels bonded with three types of adhesives: urea formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and tannin-based adhesives. These panels were produced at two levels of density—300 and 500 kg/m3—and a thickness of 20 mm, and the influence of the adhesive amount and type on the formaldehyde emissions and content was measured. Other mechanical and physical properties such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, and dimensional stability were also scrutinized. With one exception, all the panels belonged to the super E0 classification for free formaldehyde content (perforator value ≤1.5 mg/100 g oven dry mass of panels). The measurements using the desiccator method for formaldehyde emissions assigned all the testing specimens in the F **** category for low-emission panels according to the Japanese International Standards.",

keywords = "Formaldehyde emissions, Free formaldehyde, Insulation panels, Larch bark, Adhesives, Formaldehyde, Metabolism, Urea, Urea formaldehyde resins, Formaldehyde contents, Formaldehyde emission, Free formaldehydes, International standards, Mechanical and physical properties, Melamine urea formaldehydes, Modulus of rupture, Tannin-based adhesives, Thermal insulation",

author = "M.C. Barbu and Y. Lohninger and S. Hofmann and G. Kain and A. Petutschnigg and E.M. Tudor",

note = "Cited By :13 Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Tudor, E.M.; Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Markt 136a, Austria; email: [email protected] Correspondence Address: Tudor, E.M.; Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, B-dul. Eroilor nr. 29, Romania; email: [email protected] References: Wi, J.H., Park, Y.U., Kim, S., Evaluation of environmental impact on the formaldehyde emission and flame-retardant performance of thermal insulation materials (2020) J. Hazard. Mater, 402, p. 123463. , [CrossRef] [PubMed]; Asdrubali, F., D{\textquoteright}Alessandro, F., Schiavoni, S., A review of unconventional sustainable building insulation materials (2015) Sustain. Mater. Technol, 4, pp. 1-17. , [CrossRef]; Rudolphi, A., Pfundstein, M., (2012) Insulating Materials: Principles, Materials, Applications, , http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true\&scope=site\&db=nlebk\&db=nlabk\&AN=642009, Walter De Gruyter: Basel, Switzerland, (accessed on 1 September 2020); Kaln{\ae}s, S.E., Jelle, B.P., Vacuum insulation panel products: A state-of-the-art review and future research pathways (2014) Appl. Energy, 116, pp. 355-375. , [CrossRef]; Tsalagkas, D., B{\"o}rcs{\"o}k, Z., P{\'a}sztory, Z., Thermal, physical and mechanical properties of surface overlaid bark-based insulation panels (2019) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 77, pp. 721-730. , [CrossRef]; Hanson, J.L., Kopp, K.B., Yesiller, N., Cooledge, C.M., Klee, E., (2016) The Use of Recycled Materials as Thermal Insulation in Underground Construction, , (Eds) Humboldt State Univ.: Arcata, CA, USA; Bozsaky, D., Nature-Based Thermal Insulation Materials from Renewable Resources—A State-Of-The-Art Review (2019) Slovak J. Civ. Eng, 27, pp. 52-59. , [CrossRef]; Abdou, A.A., Budaiwi, I.M., Comparison of Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Building Insulation Materials under Various Operating Temperatures (2005) J. Build. Phys, 29, pp. 171-184. , [CrossRef]; Naldzhiev, D., Mumovic, D., Strlic, M., Polyurethane insulation and household products—A systematic review of their impact on indoor environmental quality (2020) Build. Environ, 169, p. 106559. , [CrossRef]; Klepeis, N.E., Nelson, W.C., Ott, W.R., Robinson, J.P., Tsang, A.M., Switzer, P., Behar, J.V., Engelmann, W.H., The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants (2001) J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol, 11, pp. 231-252. , [CrossRef]; (2010) WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants, , https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260127, WHO. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, (accessed on 1 September 2020); Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., R{\'e}h, R., Kri{\v s}t{\textquoteright}{\'a}k, L{\textquoteright}., Analysis of Larch-Bark Capacity for Formaldehyde Removal in Wood Adhesives (2020) Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, p. 764. , [CrossRef]; Medved, S., Gajsek, U., Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Antonovic, A., Efficiency of bark for reduction of formaldehyde emission from particleboards (2019) Wood Res, 2019, pp. 307-316; Jahanshaei, S., Tabarsa, T., Asghari, J., Eco-friendly tannin-phenol formaldehyde resin for producing wood composites (2012) Pigment Resin Technol, 41, pp. 296-301. , [CrossRef]; Chai, Y., Zhao, Y., Yan, N., Synthesis and Characterization of Biobased Melamine Formaldehyde Resins from Bark Extractives (2014) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 53, pp. 11228-11238. , [CrossRef]; Marbun, S.D., Wahyudi, I., Suryana, J., Nawawi, D.S., Bonding strength of benuang and duabanga glulams using their barks as phenol formaldehyde-filler (2020) Appl. Adhes. Sci, 8. , [CrossRef]; Chen, H., Yan, N., Application of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) tree bark as a functional filler in pMDI wood adhesives (2018) Ind. Crop. Prod, 113, pp. 1-9. , [CrossRef]; R{\'e}h, R., Igaz, R., Kri{\v s}t{\textquoteright}{\'a}k, L{\textquoteright}., Ru{\v z}iak, I., Gajtanska, M., Bo{\v z}{\'i}kov{\'a}, M., Ku{\v c}erka, M., Functionality of Beech Bark in Adhesive Mixtures Used in Plywood and Its Effect on the Stability Associated with Material Systems (2019) Materials, 12, p. 1298. , [CrossRef]; Mirski, R., Kawalerczyk, J., Dziurka, D., Wieruszewski, M., Trocinski, A., Effects of using bark particles with various dimensions as a filler for urea-formaldehyde resin in plywood (2020) BioResources, 2020, pp. 1692-1701; Aydin, I., Demirkir, C., Colak, S., Colakoglu, G., Utilization of bark flours as additive in plywood manufacturing (2017) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 75, pp. 63-69. , [CrossRef]; Skrypnik, L., Grigorev, N., Michailov, D., Antipina, M., Danilova, M., Pungin, A., Comparative study on radical scavenging activity and phenolic compounds content in water bark extracts of alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), oak (Quercus robur L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (2019) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 77, pp. 879-890. , [CrossRef]; Kain, G., G{\"u}ttler, V., Barbu, M.-C., Petutschnigg, A., Richter, K., Tondi, G., Density related properties of bark insulation boards bonded with tannin hexamine resin (2014) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 72, pp. 417-424. , [CrossRef]; Petutschnigg, A., Barbu, M.C., Tudor, E.M., Berger, G., Tondi, G., Kain, G., Neue Baumaterialien f{\"u}r nachhaltige Konstruktionen (2017) {\"O}sterreichische Ing. Archit. Z, 2017, pp. 159-163; Zhu, H., Lu, Z., Li, X., Zhang, J., Yuan, M., Analysis on test methods for determining formaldehyde emission from wood-based products (2009) China Wood Ind, 2009, pp. 37-40; Zhang, J., Song, F., Tao, J., Zhang, Z., Shi, S.Q., Research Progress on Formaldehyde Emission of Wood-Based Panel (2018) Int. J. Polym. Sci, 2018, pp. 1-8. , [CrossRef]; Kain, G., Stratev, D., Tudor, E.M., Lienbacher, B., Weigl, M., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., Qualitative investigation on VOC-emissions from spruce (Picea abies) and larch (Larix decidua) loose bark and bark panels (2020) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 78, pp. 403-412. , [CrossRef]; Kain, G., Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Bark Thermal Insulation Panels: An Explorative Study on the Effects of Bark Species (2020) Polymers, 12, p. 2140. , [CrossRef]; (2016) Wood-Based Panels—Determination of Formaldehyde Release—Part 5: Extraction Method (Called the Perforator Method), , EN ISO 12460-5:2016; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland; Salthammer, T., Mentese, S., Marutzky, R., Formaldehyde in the indoor environment (2010) Chem. Rev, 110, pp. 2536-2572. , [CrossRef]; (2003) Wood-Based Panels—Sampling and Cutting of Test Pieces, , ISO-16999:2003; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2015) Determination of the Emission of Formaldehyde from Building Boards—Desiccator Method, , JIS A 1460:2015; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Panels, Wood-Based, (1993) Determination of Modulus of Elasticity in Bending and of Bending Strength, , EN 310:1993; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (1993) Determination of Tensile Strength Perpendicular to the Plane of the Board, , Particleboards and Fibreboards. EN 319:1993; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (1993) Determination of Swelling in Thickness after Immersion in Water, , Particleboards and Fibreboards. EN 317:1993; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Pizzi, A., Hot-setting tannin–urea–formaldehyde exterior wood adhesives (1977) Adhes. Age, 1977, pp. 17-29; Cameron, F.A., Pizzi, A., Tannin-induced formaldehyde release depression in urea-formaldehyde particleboard (1985) Formaldehyde Release from Wood Products, p. 205. , Chapter 15; Meyer, B., Kottes-Andrews, B.A., Reinardt, R.M., Eds.; American Chemical Society Symposium Series; ACS Publications: Washington, DC, USA; Bianchi, S., (2016) Extraction and Characterization of Bark Tannins from Domestic Softwood Species, , Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Pizzi, A., Types, processing and properties of bioadhesives for wood and fibers (2014) Advances in Biorefineries, , Waldron, K., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; (2015) Wood-Based Panels for Use in Construction—Characteristics, Evaluation of Conformity and Marking, , EN 13986:2015; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., R{\'e}h, R., Added-value for wood bark as a coating layer for flooring tiles (2018) J. Clean. Prod, 170, pp. 1354-1360. , [CrossRef]; Sachsse, H.A., Eigenschaften und Verwertung des L{\"a}rchenholzes (1979) Allg. Forstz, 1979, pp. 118-122",

year = "2020",

month = nov,

day = "10",

doi = "10.3390/polym12112632",

language = "English",

volume = "12",

pages = "1--10",

journal = "Polym.",

issn = "2073-4360",

publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",

number = "11",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Larch Bark as a Formaldehyde Scavenger in Thermal Insulation Panels

AU - Barbu, M.C.

AU - Lohninger, Y.

AU - Hofmann, S.

AU - Kain, G.

AU - Petutschnigg, A.

AU - Tudor, E.M.

N1 - Cited By :13 Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Tudor, E.M.; Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Markt 136a, Austria; email: [email protected] Correspondence Address: Tudor, E.M.; Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, B-dul. Eroilor nr. 29, Romania; email: [email protected] References: Wi, J.H., Park, Y.U., Kim, S., Evaluation of environmental impact on the formaldehyde emission and flame-retardant performance of thermal insulation materials (2020) J. Hazard. Mater, 402, p. 123463. , [CrossRef] [PubMed]; Asdrubali, F., D’Alessandro, F., Schiavoni, S., A review of unconventional sustainable building insulation materials (2015) Sustain. Mater. Technol, 4, pp. 1-17. , [CrossRef]; Rudolphi, A., Pfundstein, M., (2012) Insulating Materials: Principles, Materials, Applications, , http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=642009, Walter De Gruyter: Basel, Switzerland, (accessed on 1 September 2020); Kalnæs, S.E., Jelle, B.P., Vacuum insulation panel products: A state-of-the-art review and future research pathways (2014) Appl. Energy, 116, pp. 355-375. , [CrossRef]; Tsalagkas, D., Börcsök, Z., Pásztory, Z., Thermal, physical and mechanical properties of surface overlaid bark-based insulation panels (2019) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 77, pp. 721-730. , [CrossRef]; Hanson, J.L., Kopp, K.B., Yesiller, N., Cooledge, C.M., Klee, E., (2016) The Use of Recycled Materials as Thermal Insulation in Underground Construction, , (Eds) Humboldt State Univ.: Arcata, CA, USA; Bozsaky, D., Nature-Based Thermal Insulation Materials from Renewable Resources—A State-Of-The-Art Review (2019) Slovak J. Civ. Eng, 27, pp. 52-59. , [CrossRef]; Abdou, A.A., Budaiwi, I.M., Comparison of Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Building Insulation Materials under Various Operating Temperatures (2005) J. Build. Phys, 29, pp. 171-184. , [CrossRef]; Naldzhiev, D., Mumovic, D., Strlic, M., Polyurethane insulation and household products—A systematic review of their impact on indoor environmental quality (2020) Build. Environ, 169, p. 106559. , [CrossRef]; Klepeis, N.E., Nelson, W.C., Ott, W.R., Robinson, J.P., Tsang, A.M., Switzer, P., Behar, J.V., Engelmann, W.H., The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants (2001) J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol, 11, pp. 231-252. , [CrossRef]; (2010) WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants, , https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260127, WHO. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, (accessed on 1 September 2020); Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., Réh, R., Krišt’ák, L’., Analysis of Larch-Bark Capacity for Formaldehyde Removal in Wood Adhesives (2020) Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, p. 764. , [CrossRef]; Medved, S., Gajsek, U., Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Antonovic, A., Efficiency of bark for reduction of formaldehyde emission from particleboards (2019) Wood Res, 2019, pp. 307-316; Jahanshaei, S., Tabarsa, T., Asghari, J., Eco-friendly tannin-phenol formaldehyde resin for producing wood composites (2012) Pigment Resin Technol, 41, pp. 296-301. , [CrossRef]; Chai, Y., Zhao, Y., Yan, N., Synthesis and Characterization of Biobased Melamine Formaldehyde Resins from Bark Extractives (2014) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 53, pp. 11228-11238. , [CrossRef]; Marbun, S.D., Wahyudi, I., Suryana, J., Nawawi, D.S., Bonding strength of benuang and duabanga glulams using their barks as phenol formaldehyde-filler (2020) Appl. Adhes. Sci, 8. , [CrossRef]; Chen, H., Yan, N., Application of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) tree bark as a functional filler in pMDI wood adhesives (2018) Ind. Crop. Prod, 113, pp. 1-9. , [CrossRef]; Réh, R., Igaz, R., Krišt’ák, L’., Ružiak, I., Gajtanska, M., Božíková, M., Kučerka, M., Functionality of Beech Bark in Adhesive Mixtures Used in Plywood and Its Effect on the Stability Associated with Material Systems (2019) Materials, 12, p. 1298. , [CrossRef]; Mirski, R., Kawalerczyk, J., Dziurka, D., Wieruszewski, M., Trocinski, A., Effects of using bark particles with various dimensions as a filler for urea-formaldehyde resin in plywood (2020) BioResources, 2020, pp. 1692-1701; Aydin, I., Demirkir, C., Colak, S., Colakoglu, G., Utilization of bark flours as additive in plywood manufacturing (2017) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 75, pp. 63-69. , [CrossRef]; Skrypnik, L., Grigorev, N., Michailov, D., Antipina, M., Danilova, M., Pungin, A., Comparative study on radical scavenging activity and phenolic compounds content in water bark extracts of alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), oak (Quercus robur L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (2019) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 77, pp. 879-890. , [CrossRef]; Kain, G., Güttler, V., Barbu, M.-C., Petutschnigg, A., Richter, K., Tondi, G., Density related properties of bark insulation boards bonded with tannin hexamine resin (2014) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 72, pp. 417-424. , [CrossRef]; Petutschnigg, A., Barbu, M.C., Tudor, E.M., Berger, G., Tondi, G., Kain, G., Neue Baumaterialien für nachhaltige Konstruktionen (2017) Österreichische Ing. Archit. Z, 2017, pp. 159-163; Zhu, H., Lu, Z., Li, X., Zhang, J., Yuan, M., Analysis on test methods for determining formaldehyde emission from wood-based products (2009) China Wood Ind, 2009, pp. 37-40; Zhang, J., Song, F., Tao, J., Zhang, Z., Shi, S.Q., Research Progress on Formaldehyde Emission of Wood-Based Panel (2018) Int. J. Polym. Sci, 2018, pp. 1-8. , [CrossRef]; Kain, G., Stratev, D., Tudor, E.M., Lienbacher, B., Weigl, M., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., Qualitative investigation on VOC-emissions from spruce (Picea abies) and larch (Larix decidua) loose bark and bark panels (2020) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 78, pp. 403-412. , [CrossRef]; Kain, G., Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Bark Thermal Insulation Panels: An Explorative Study on the Effects of Bark Species (2020) Polymers, 12, p. 2140. , [CrossRef]; (2016) Wood-Based Panels—Determination of Formaldehyde Release—Part 5: Extraction Method (Called the Perforator Method), , EN ISO 12460-5:2016; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland; Salthammer, T., Mentese, S., Marutzky, R., Formaldehyde in the indoor environment (2010) Chem. Rev, 110, pp. 2536-2572. , [CrossRef]; (2003) Wood-Based Panels—Sampling and Cutting of Test Pieces, , ISO-16999:2003; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2015) Determination of the Emission of Formaldehyde from Building Boards—Desiccator Method, , JIS A 1460:2015; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Panels, Wood-Based, (1993) Determination of Modulus of Elasticity in Bending and of Bending Strength, , EN 310:1993; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (1993) Determination of Tensile Strength Perpendicular to the Plane of the Board, , Particleboards and Fibreboards. EN 319:1993; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (1993) Determination of Swelling in Thickness after Immersion in Water, , Particleboards and Fibreboards. EN 317:1993; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Pizzi, A., Hot-setting tannin–urea–formaldehyde exterior wood adhesives (1977) Adhes. Age, 1977, pp. 17-29; Cameron, F.A., Pizzi, A., Tannin-induced formaldehyde release depression in urea-formaldehyde particleboard (1985) Formaldehyde Release from Wood Products, p. 205. , Chapter 15; Meyer, B., Kottes-Andrews, B.A., Reinardt, R.M., Eds.; American Chemical Society Symposium Series; ACS Publications: Washington, DC, USA; Bianchi, S., (2016) Extraction and Characterization of Bark Tannins from Domestic Softwood Species, , Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Pizzi, A., Types, processing and properties of bioadhesives for wood and fibers (2014) Advances in Biorefineries, , Waldron, K., Ed.; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; (2015) Wood-Based Panels for Use in Construction—Characteristics, Evaluation of Conformity and Marking, , EN 13986:2015; European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., Réh, R., Added-value for wood bark as a coating layer for flooring tiles (2018) J. Clean. Prod, 170, pp. 1354-1360. , [CrossRef]; Sachsse, H.A., Eigenschaften und Verwertung des Lärchenholzes (1979) Allg. Forstz, 1979, pp. 118-122

PY - 2020/11/10

Y1 - 2020/11/10

N2 - The aim of this study is to investigate the formaldehyde content and emissions of bark-based insulation panels bonded with three types of adhesives: urea formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and tannin-based adhesives. These panels were produced at two levels of density—300 and 500 kg/m3—and a thickness of 20 mm, and the influence of the adhesive amount and type on the formaldehyde emissions and content was measured. Other mechanical and physical properties such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, and dimensional stability were also scrutinized. With one exception, all the panels belonged to the super E0 classification for free formaldehyde content (perforator value ≤1.5 mg/100 g oven dry mass of panels). The measurements using the desiccator method for formaldehyde emissions assigned all the testing specimens in the F **** category for low-emission panels according to the Japanese International Standards.

AB - The aim of this study is to investigate the formaldehyde content and emissions of bark-based insulation panels bonded with three types of adhesives: urea formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and tannin-based adhesives. These panels were produced at two levels of density—300 and 500 kg/m3—and a thickness of 20 mm, and the influence of the adhesive amount and type on the formaldehyde emissions and content was measured. Other mechanical and physical properties such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, and dimensional stability were also scrutinized. With one exception, all the panels belonged to the super E0 classification for free formaldehyde content (perforator value ≤1.5 mg/100 g oven dry mass of panels). The measurements using the desiccator method for formaldehyde emissions assigned all the testing specimens in the F **** category for low-emission panels according to the Japanese International Standards.

KW - Formaldehyde emissions

KW - Free formaldehyde

KW - Insulation panels

KW - Larch bark

KW - Adhesives

KW - Formaldehyde

KW - Metabolism

KW - Urea

KW - Urea formaldehyde resins

KW - Formaldehyde contents

KW - Formaldehyde emission

KW - Free formaldehydes

KW - International standards

KW - Mechanical and physical properties

KW - Melamine urea formaldehydes

KW - Modulus of rupture

KW - Tannin-based adhesives

KW - Thermal insulation

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6d558c82-e4db-3f96-a45f-dd1599509cf6/

U2 - 10.3390/polym12112632

DO - 10.3390/polym12112632

M3 - Article

C2 - 33182539

SN - 2073-4360

VL - 12

SP - 1

EP - 10

JO - Polym.

JF - Polym.

IS - 11

ER -

Larch Bark as a Formaldehyde Scavenger in Thermal Insulation Panels

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