Investigation of 3D-Moldability of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood

J. Jorda; G. Kain; M.-C. Barbu; M. Haupt; L. Krišt’ák

doi:10.3390/polym12122852

Investigation of 3D-Moldability of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood

J. Jorda
, G. Kain
, M.-C. Barbu
, M. Haupt
, L. Krišt’ák

Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno
Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov
Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The current work deals with three dimensionally molded plywood formed parts. These are prepared in two different geometries using cut-outs and relief cuts in the areas of the highest deformation. Moreover, the effect of flax fiber reinforcement on the occurrence and position of cracks, delamination, maximum load capacity, and on the modulus of elasticity is studied. The results show that designs with cut-outs are to be preferred when molding complex geometries and that flax fiber reinforcement is a promising way of increasing load capacity and stiffness of plywood formed parts by respectively 76 and 38% on average.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1-11
Number of pages	11
Journal	Polym.
Volume	12
Issue number	12
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122852
Publication status	Published - 29 Nov 2020

Keywords

Natural fiber reinforcement
Plywood
Veneer 3D moldability
Flax
Linen
Wood products
Complex geometries
Cut-out
Different geometry
Flax fiber
Load capacity
Maximum load capacity
Moldability

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10.3390/polym12122852

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85097029234&doi=10.3390%2fpolym12122852&partnerID=40&md5=bc2c8677b0a5f9cc89fa875c239a19c1

Cite this

@article{147fbc3b9eae4542855e1dacd95d0616,

title = "Investigation of 3D-Moldability of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood",

abstract = "The current work deals with three dimensionally molded plywood formed parts. These are prepared in two different geometries using cut-outs and relief cuts in the areas of the highest deformation. Moreover, the effect of flax fiber reinforcement on the occurrence and position of cracks, delamination, maximum load capacity, and on the modulus of elasticity is studied. The results show that designs with cut-outs are to be preferred when molding complex geometries and that flax fiber reinforcement is a promising way of increasing load capacity and stiffness of plywood formed parts by respectively 76 and 38\% on average.",

keywords = "Natural fiber reinforcement, Plywood, Veneer 3D moldability, Flax, Linen, Wood products, Complex geometries, Cut-out, Different geometry, Flax fiber, Load capacity, Maximum load capacity, Moldability",

author = "J. Jorda and G. Kain and M.-C. Barbu and M. Haupt and L. Kri{\v s}t{\textquoteright}{\'a}k",

note = "Cited By :7 Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Kain, G.; Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Markt 136a, Austria; email: [email protected] Funding details: {\"O}sterreichische Forschungsf{\"o}rderungsgesellschaft, FFG, 866425 Funding details: Agent{\'u}ra na Podporu V{\'y}skumu a V{\'y}voja, APVV, APVV-18-0378, APVV-19-0269 Funding details: Vedeck{\'a} Grantov{\'a} Agent{\'u}ra M{\v S}VVa{\v S} SR a SAV, VEGA, 1/0717/19 Funding text 1: Funding: This research was supported by Austrian Founding Agency (FFG) Innovations Plus No. 866425 and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contracts no. APVV-18-0378, APVV-19-0269, and VEGA 1/0717/19. References: Mahut, J., Reh, R., (2007) Plywood and Decorative Veneers, , Technical University of Zvolen: Zvolen, Slovakia; Stark, N.M., Cai, Z., Carll, C., Chapter 11—Wood-Based-Composite Materials and Panel Products, Glued Laminated Timber, Structural Materials (2010) Wood Handbook—Wood as an Engineering Material, , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: Madison, WI, USA; Panic, L., Hodzic, A., Nezirevic, E., Modern and sophisticated processes of 3D veneer plywood bending (2016) Acta Tech. Corviniensis Bull. Eng, 9, pp. 2067-3809; Muthuraj, R., Misra, M., Defersha, F.M., Mohanty, A.K., Influence of processing parameters on the impact strength of biocomposites: A statistical approach (2016) Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 83, pp. 120-129. , [CrossRef]; Percin, O., Altunok, M., Some physical and mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber reinforced with carbon fiber using heat-treated beech veneer (2017) Holz Roh Werkst, 75, pp. 193-201. , [CrossRef]; Liu, H., Luo, B., Shen, S., Liu, H., Design and mechanical tests of basalt fiber cloth with MAH grafted reinforced bamboo and poplar veneer composite (2018) Holz Roh Werkst, 77, pp. 271-278. , [CrossRef]; Auriga, R., Gumowska, A., Szymanowski, K., Wronka, A., Robles, E., Ocipka, P., Kowaluk, G., Performance properties of plywood composites reinforced with carbon fibers (2020) Compos. Struct, 248, p. 112533. , [CrossRef]; Liu, Y., Guan, M., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, M., Flexural properties evaluation of carbon-fiber fabric reinforced poplar/eucalyptus composite plywood formwork (2019) Compos. Struct, 224, p. 111073. , [CrossRef]; Xu, H., Nakao, T., Tanaka, C., Yoshinobu, M., Katayama, H., Effects of fiber length and orientation on elasticity of fiber-reinforced plywood (1998) J. Wood Sci, 44, pp. 343-347. , [CrossRef]; Rowlands, R.E., Deweghe, R.P., Laufenberg, T.L., Krueger, G.P., Fiber-reinforced wood composites (1986) Wood Fiber Sci, 18, pp. 39-57; Bal, B.C., Bekta{\c s}, I., Mengeloğlu, F., Karaku{\c s}, K., Demir, H.{\"O}., Some technological properties of poplar plywood panels reinforced with glass fiber fabric (2015) Constr. Build. Mater, 101, pp. 952-957. , [CrossRef]; Sorieul, M., Dickson, A.R., Hill, S.J., Pearson, H., Plant Fibre: Molecular Structure and Biomechanical Properties, of a Complex Living Material, Influencing Its Deconstruction towards a Biobased Composite (2016) Materials, 9, p. 618. , [CrossRef]; Ticoalu, A., Aravinthan, T., Cardona, F., A Reviewof Current Development in Natural Fiber A Review of Current Development in Natural Fiber Composites for Structural and Infrastructure Applications (2010) Proceedings of the Southern Region Engineering Conference, , Toowoomba, Australia, 11–12 November; {\v S}edivka, P., Bomba, J., B{\"o}hm, M., Zeidler, A., Determination of Strength Characteristics of Construction Timber Strengthened with Carbon and Glass Fibre Composite Using a Destructive Method (2015) Bioresources, 10, pp. 4674-4685. , [CrossRef]; Joshi, S., Drzal, L., Mohanty, A., Arora, S., Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites? (2004) Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 35, pp. 371-376. , [CrossRef]; Borri, A., Corradi, M., Speranzini, E., Reinforcement of wood with natural fibers (2013) Compos. Part B Eng, 53, pp. 1-8. , [CrossRef]; Sam-Brew, S., Smith, G., Flax and Hemp fiber-reinforced particleboard (2015) Ind. Crops Prod, 77, pp. 940-948. , [CrossRef]; Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., Hinrichsen, G., Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview (2000) Macromol. Mater. Eng, 276, pp. 1-24. , [CrossRef]; Goudenhooft, C., Bourmaud, A., Baley, C., Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Fibers for Composite Reinforcement: Exploring the Link between Plant Growth, Cell Walls Development, and Fiber Properties (2019) Front. Plant Sci, 10, p. 411. , [CrossRef]; B{\"o}hm, M., Brejcha, V., Jerman, M., {\v C}ern{\'y}, R., Bending Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composite with Plywood Balsa Core (2019) Proceedings of the International Conference of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 2019 (ICCMSE-2019), 2186, p. 070006. , Rhodes, Greece, 1–5 May; Papadopoulos, A.N., Hague, J.R., The potential for using flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) shiv as a lignocellulosic raw material for particleboard (2003) Ind. Crops Prod, 17, pp. 143-147. , [CrossRef]; Susainathan, J., Eyma, F., De Luycker, E., Cantarel, A., Castani{\'e}, B., Experimental investigation of impact behavior of wood-based sandwich structures (2018) Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 109, pp. 10-19. , [CrossRef]; Susainathan, J., Eyma, F., De Luycker, E., Cantarel, A., Castanier, B., Manufacturing and quasi-static bending behavior of wood-based sandwich structures (2017) Compos. Struct, 182, pp. 487-504. , [CrossRef]; Mathijsen, D., The renaissance of flax fibers (2018) Reinf. Plast, 62, pp. 138-147. , [CrossRef]; Prabhakaran, S., Krishnaraj, V., Sharma, S., Senthilkumar, M., Jegathishkumar, R., Zitoune, R., Experimental study on thermal and morphological analyses of green composite sandwich made of flax and agglomerated cork (2019) J. Therm. Anal. Calorim, 139, pp. 3003-3012. , [CrossRef]; Jorda, J.S., Barbu, M.C., Kral, P., Natural fiber reinforced veneer based products (2019) Pro Ligno, 15, pp. 206-219; Fekiac, J., G{\'a}bor{\'i}k, J., (2016) Formability of Radial and Tangential Beech Veneers, pp. 191-197. , Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences: Warsaw, Poland; Wagenf{\"u}hr, A., Buchelt, B., Untersuchungen zum Materialverhalten beim dreidimensionalen Formen von Furnier (2005) Holztechnologie, 46, pp. 13-19; Gaff, M., Ga{\v s}par{\'i}k, M., 3D Molding of Veneers by Mechanical and Pneumatic Methods (2017) Materials, 10, p. 321. , [CrossRef]; Wagenf{\"u}hr, A., Buchelt, B., Pfriem, A., Material behaviour of veneer during multidimensional moulding (2005) Holz Roh Werkst, 64, pp. 83-89. , [CrossRef]; Langova, N., Joscak, P., Mozuchova, M., Trencanova, L., Analysis the effects of bending load of veneers for purposes of planar moulding (2013) Ann. Wars. Univ. Life Sci, 83, pp. 173-178; Gaff, M., G{\'a}bor{\'i}k, J., Evaluation of Wood Surface Quality after 3D Molding of Wood by Pressing (2014) Bioresources, 9, pp. 4468-4476. , [CrossRef]; Fekiac, J., G{\'a}bor{\'i}k, J., Smidriakova, M., 3D formability of moistened and steamed veneers (2016) Acta Fac. Xylologiae Zvolen, 58, pp. 15-26; Zemiar, J., Fekiac, J., Gaborik, J., Petro, A., Three-dimensional formability of rolled, pressed, and plasticized veneers (2013) Ann. Wars. Univ. Life Sci, 84, pp. 339-343; Zerbst, D., Affronti, E., Gereke, T., Buchelt, B., Clau{\ss}, S., Merklein, M., Cherif, C., Experimental analysis of the forming behavior of ash wood veneer with nonwoven backings (2020) Holz Roh Werkst, 78, pp. 321-331. , [CrossRef]; Regulation No 17 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE)—Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to the Seats, Their Anchorages and Any Head Restraints, , https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/4d5ab93c-7d45-4b3a-b49f-b10b6476b5df, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (accessed on 29 October 2020); (2005) EN 310:2005 Wood Based Panels—Determination of Modulus of Elasticity in Bending and of Bending Strength, , European Committee for Standardization. European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Sch{\"u}rmann, H., (2007) Konstruieren Mit Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunden, , 2nd ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany; Wagenf{\"u}hr, R., (2006) Holzatlas, , Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH \& Co. KG: M{\"u}nchen, Germany; Kollmann, F., (1955) Technologie des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe, , Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; Comsa, G.N., Dimensional and geometrical optimization of structures and materials for curved or molded chair furniture (2010) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials Engineering COMAT, , Brasov, Romania, 27–29 October",

year = "2020",

month = nov,

day = "29",

doi = "10.3390/polym12122852",

language = "English",

volume = "12",

pages = "1--11",

journal = "Polym.",

issn = "2073-4360",

publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",

number = "12",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Investigation of 3D-Moldability of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood

AU - Jorda, J.

AU - Kain, G.

AU - Barbu, M.-C.

AU - Haupt, M.

AU - Krišt’ák, L.

N1 - Cited By :7 Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Kain, G.; Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Markt 136a, Austria; email: [email protected] Funding details: Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft, FFG, 866425 Funding details: Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja, APVV, APVV-18-0378, APVV-19-0269 Funding details: Vedecká Grantová Agentúra MŠVVaŠ SR a SAV, VEGA, 1/0717/19 Funding text 1: Funding: This research was supported by Austrian Founding Agency (FFG) Innovations Plus No. 866425 and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contracts no. APVV-18-0378, APVV-19-0269, and VEGA 1/0717/19. References: Mahut, J., Reh, R., (2007) Plywood and Decorative Veneers, , Technical University of Zvolen: Zvolen, Slovakia; Stark, N.M., Cai, Z., Carll, C., Chapter 11—Wood-Based-Composite Materials and Panel Products, Glued Laminated Timber, Structural Materials (2010) Wood Handbook—Wood as an Engineering Material, , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: Madison, WI, USA; Panic, L., Hodzic, A., Nezirevic, E., Modern and sophisticated processes of 3D veneer plywood bending (2016) Acta Tech. Corviniensis Bull. Eng, 9, pp. 2067-3809; Muthuraj, R., Misra, M., Defersha, F.M., Mohanty, A.K., Influence of processing parameters on the impact strength of biocomposites: A statistical approach (2016) Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 83, pp. 120-129. , [CrossRef]; Percin, O., Altunok, M., Some physical and mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber reinforced with carbon fiber using heat-treated beech veneer (2017) Holz Roh Werkst, 75, pp. 193-201. , [CrossRef]; Liu, H., Luo, B., Shen, S., Liu, H., Design and mechanical tests of basalt fiber cloth with MAH grafted reinforced bamboo and poplar veneer composite (2018) Holz Roh Werkst, 77, pp. 271-278. , [CrossRef]; Auriga, R., Gumowska, A., Szymanowski, K., Wronka, A., Robles, E., Ocipka, P., Kowaluk, G., Performance properties of plywood composites reinforced with carbon fibers (2020) Compos. Struct, 248, p. 112533. , [CrossRef]; Liu, Y., Guan, M., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, M., Flexural properties evaluation of carbon-fiber fabric reinforced poplar/eucalyptus composite plywood formwork (2019) Compos. Struct, 224, p. 111073. , [CrossRef]; Xu, H., Nakao, T., Tanaka, C., Yoshinobu, M., Katayama, H., Effects of fiber length and orientation on elasticity of fiber-reinforced plywood (1998) J. Wood Sci, 44, pp. 343-347. , [CrossRef]; Rowlands, R.E., Deweghe, R.P., Laufenberg, T.L., Krueger, G.P., Fiber-reinforced wood composites (1986) Wood Fiber Sci, 18, pp. 39-57; Bal, B.C., Bektaş, I., Mengeloğlu, F., Karakuş, K., Demir, H.Ö., Some technological properties of poplar plywood panels reinforced with glass fiber fabric (2015) Constr. Build. Mater, 101, pp. 952-957. , [CrossRef]; Sorieul, M., Dickson, A.R., Hill, S.J., Pearson, H., Plant Fibre: Molecular Structure and Biomechanical Properties, of a Complex Living Material, Influencing Its Deconstruction towards a Biobased Composite (2016) Materials, 9, p. 618. , [CrossRef]; Ticoalu, A., Aravinthan, T., Cardona, F., A Reviewof Current Development in Natural Fiber A Review of Current Development in Natural Fiber Composites for Structural and Infrastructure Applications (2010) Proceedings of the Southern Region Engineering Conference, , Toowoomba, Australia, 11–12 November; Šedivka, P., Bomba, J., Böhm, M., Zeidler, A., Determination of Strength Characteristics of Construction Timber Strengthened with Carbon and Glass Fibre Composite Using a Destructive Method (2015) Bioresources, 10, pp. 4674-4685. , [CrossRef]; Joshi, S., Drzal, L., Mohanty, A., Arora, S., Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites? (2004) Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 35, pp. 371-376. , [CrossRef]; Borri, A., Corradi, M., Speranzini, E., Reinforcement of wood with natural fibers (2013) Compos. Part B Eng, 53, pp. 1-8. , [CrossRef]; Sam-Brew, S., Smith, G., Flax and Hemp fiber-reinforced particleboard (2015) Ind. Crops Prod, 77, pp. 940-948. , [CrossRef]; Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., Hinrichsen, G., Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: An overview (2000) Macromol. Mater. Eng, 276, pp. 1-24. , [CrossRef]; Goudenhooft, C., Bourmaud, A., Baley, C., Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Fibers for Composite Reinforcement: Exploring the Link between Plant Growth, Cell Walls Development, and Fiber Properties (2019) Front. Plant Sci, 10, p. 411. , [CrossRef]; Böhm, M., Brejcha, V., Jerman, M., Černý, R., Bending Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composite with Plywood Balsa Core (2019) Proceedings of the International Conference of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 2019 (ICCMSE-2019), 2186, p. 070006. , Rhodes, Greece, 1–5 May; Papadopoulos, A.N., Hague, J.R., The potential for using flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) shiv as a lignocellulosic raw material for particleboard (2003) Ind. Crops Prod, 17, pp. 143-147. , [CrossRef]; Susainathan, J., Eyma, F., De Luycker, E., Cantarel, A., Castanié, B., Experimental investigation of impact behavior of wood-based sandwich structures (2018) Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 109, pp. 10-19. , [CrossRef]; Susainathan, J., Eyma, F., De Luycker, E., Cantarel, A., Castanier, B., Manufacturing and quasi-static bending behavior of wood-based sandwich structures (2017) Compos. Struct, 182, pp. 487-504. , [CrossRef]; Mathijsen, D., The renaissance of flax fibers (2018) Reinf. Plast, 62, pp. 138-147. , [CrossRef]; Prabhakaran, S., Krishnaraj, V., Sharma, S., Senthilkumar, M., Jegathishkumar, R., Zitoune, R., Experimental study on thermal and morphological analyses of green composite sandwich made of flax and agglomerated cork (2019) J. Therm. Anal. Calorim, 139, pp. 3003-3012. , [CrossRef]; Jorda, J.S., Barbu, M.C., Kral, P., Natural fiber reinforced veneer based products (2019) Pro Ligno, 15, pp. 206-219; Fekiac, J., Gáborík, J., (2016) Formability of Radial and Tangential Beech Veneers, pp. 191-197. , Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences: Warsaw, Poland; Wagenführ, A., Buchelt, B., Untersuchungen zum Materialverhalten beim dreidimensionalen Formen von Furnier (2005) Holztechnologie, 46, pp. 13-19; Gaff, M., Gašparík, M., 3D Molding of Veneers by Mechanical and Pneumatic Methods (2017) Materials, 10, p. 321. , [CrossRef]; Wagenführ, A., Buchelt, B., Pfriem, A., Material behaviour of veneer during multidimensional moulding (2005) Holz Roh Werkst, 64, pp. 83-89. , [CrossRef]; Langova, N., Joscak, P., Mozuchova, M., Trencanova, L., Analysis the effects of bending load of veneers for purposes of planar moulding (2013) Ann. Wars. Univ. Life Sci, 83, pp. 173-178; Gaff, M., Gáborík, J., Evaluation of Wood Surface Quality after 3D Molding of Wood by Pressing (2014) Bioresources, 9, pp. 4468-4476. , [CrossRef]; Fekiac, J., Gáborík, J., Smidriakova, M., 3D formability of moistened and steamed veneers (2016) Acta Fac. Xylologiae Zvolen, 58, pp. 15-26; Zemiar, J., Fekiac, J., Gaborik, J., Petro, A., Three-dimensional formability of rolled, pressed, and plasticized veneers (2013) Ann. Wars. Univ. Life Sci, 84, pp. 339-343; Zerbst, D., Affronti, E., Gereke, T., Buchelt, B., Clauß, S., Merklein, M., Cherif, C., Experimental analysis of the forming behavior of ash wood veneer with nonwoven backings (2020) Holz Roh Werkst, 78, pp. 321-331. , [CrossRef]; Regulation No 17 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE)—Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to the Seats, Their Anchorages and Any Head Restraints, , https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/4d5ab93c-7d45-4b3a-b49f-b10b6476b5df, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (accessed on 29 October 2020); (2005) EN 310:2005 Wood Based Panels—Determination of Modulus of Elasticity in Bending and of Bending Strength, , European Committee for Standardization. European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Schürmann, H., (2007) Konstruieren Mit Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunden, , 2nd ed.; Springer: Berlin, Germany; Wagenführ, R., (2006) Holzatlas, , Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG: München, Germany; Kollmann, F., (1955) Technologie des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe, , Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; Comsa, G.N., Dimensional and geometrical optimization of structures and materials for curved or molded chair furniture (2010) Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials Engineering COMAT, , Brasov, Romania, 27–29 October

PY - 2020/11/29

Y1 - 2020/11/29

N2 - The current work deals with three dimensionally molded plywood formed parts. These are prepared in two different geometries using cut-outs and relief cuts in the areas of the highest deformation. Moreover, the effect of flax fiber reinforcement on the occurrence and position of cracks, delamination, maximum load capacity, and on the modulus of elasticity is studied. The results show that designs with cut-outs are to be preferred when molding complex geometries and that flax fiber reinforcement is a promising way of increasing load capacity and stiffness of plywood formed parts by respectively 76 and 38% on average.

AB - The current work deals with three dimensionally molded plywood formed parts. These are prepared in two different geometries using cut-outs and relief cuts in the areas of the highest deformation. Moreover, the effect of flax fiber reinforcement on the occurrence and position of cracks, delamination, maximum load capacity, and on the modulus of elasticity is studied. The results show that designs with cut-outs are to be preferred when molding complex geometries and that flax fiber reinforcement is a promising way of increasing load capacity and stiffness of plywood formed parts by respectively 76 and 38% on average.

KW - Natural fiber reinforcement

KW - Plywood

KW - Veneer 3D moldability

KW - Flax

KW - Linen

KW - Wood products

KW - Complex geometries

KW - Cut-out

KW - Different geometry

KW - Flax fiber

KW - Load capacity

KW - Maximum load capacity

KW - Moldability

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/afb59a8a-234c-3c31-92d8-d222cb8fd8ee/

U2 - 10.3390/polym12122852

DO - 10.3390/polym12122852

M3 - Article

C2 - 33260429

SN - 2073-4360

VL - 12

SP - 1

EP - 11

JO - Polym.

JF - Polym.

IS - 12

ER -

Investigation of 3D-Moldability of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood

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