Influence of Adhesive Systems on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood

J. Jorda; G. Kain; M.-C. Barbu; A. Petutschnigg; P. Král

doi:10.3390/polym13183086

Influence of Adhesive Systems on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood

J. Jorda
, G. Kain
, M.-C. Barbu
, A. Petutschnigg
, P. Král

Department for Furniture and Interior Design, Higher Technical College Hallstatt
Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov
Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

In order to improve the acceptance of broader industrial application of flax fiber reinforced beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) plywood, five different industrial applicated adhesive systems were tested. Epoxy resin, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-urea formaldehyde, isocyanate MDI prepolymer, and polyurethane displayed a divergent picture in improving the mechanical properties—modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, shear strength and screw withdrawal resistance—of flax fiber-reinforced plywood. Epoxy resin is well suited for flax fiber reinforcement, whereas urea-formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and isocyanate prepolymer improved modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, shear strength, and screw withdrawal resistance, but lowered tensile strength. Polyurethane lowered the mechanical properties of flax fiber reinforced plywood. Flax fiber reinforced epoxy resin bonded plywood exceeded glass fiber reinforced plywood in terms of shear strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture.

Original language	English
Journal	Polym.
Volume	13
Issue number	18
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183086
Publication status	Published - 13 Sept 2021

Keywords

Fiber reinforced plywood
Flax fiber
Wood-based composite
Adhesives
Elastic moduli
Epoxy resins
Flax
Formaldehyde
Linen
Metabolism
Monomers
Plywood
Polyurethanes
Screws
Tensile strength
Urea
Wood products
Adhesive systems
Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
Bonded plywood
Fiber reinforced
Mechanical and physical properties
Melamine urea formaldehydes
Modulus of rupture
Urea formaldehyde
Urea formaldehyde resins

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10.3390/polym13183086

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85115187939&doi=10.3390%2fpolym13183086&partnerID=40&md5=35abaddb4fe79b113cc09bf9b5dd5f95

Cite this

@article{16c3becbfb66415ead92841ea33d82ee,

title = "Influence of Adhesive Systems on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood",

abstract = "In order to improve the acceptance of broader industrial application of flax fiber reinforced beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) plywood, five different industrial applicated adhesive systems were tested. Epoxy resin, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-urea formaldehyde, isocyanate MDI prepolymer, and polyurethane displayed a divergent picture in improving the mechanical properties—modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, shear strength and screw withdrawal resistance—of flax fiber-reinforced plywood. Epoxy resin is well suited for flax fiber reinforcement, whereas urea-formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and isocyanate prepolymer improved modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, shear strength, and screw withdrawal resistance, but lowered tensile strength. Polyurethane lowered the mechanical properties of flax fiber reinforced plywood. Flax fiber reinforced epoxy resin bonded plywood exceeded glass fiber reinforced plywood in terms of shear strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture.",

keywords = "Fiber reinforced plywood, Flax fiber, Wood-based composite, Adhesives, Elastic moduli, Epoxy resins, Flax, Formaldehyde, Linen, Metabolism, Monomers, Plywood, Polyurethanes, Screws, Tensile strength, Urea, Wood products, Adhesive systems, Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Bonded plywood, Fiber reinforced, Mechanical and physical properties, Melamine urea formaldehydes, Modulus of rupture, Urea formaldehyde, Urea formaldehyde resins",

author = "J. Jorda and G. Kain and M.-C. Barbu and A. Petutschnigg and P. Kr{\'a}l",

note = "Cited By :12 Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Kain, G.; Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Markt 136a, Austria; email: [email protected] Funding text 1: The authors are thankful for the support of Horatiu Noge, in conducting the fabrication of the test specimens and gratefully acknowledge the support of Thomas Wimmer for his contribution in conducting mechanical testing at Salzburg University of Applied Sciences at Campus Kuchl. References: Mahut, J., Reh, R., (2007) Plywood and Decorative Veneers, , Technick{\'a} Univerzita Zvolene: Zvolen, Slovakia; Stark, N.M., Cai, Z., Carll, C., Chapter 11—Wood-Based Composite Materials Panel Products, Glued-Laminated Timber, Structural Materials (2010) Wood Handbook—Wood as an Engineering Material; General Technical Report FPL-GTR-282, , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: Madison, WI, USA; Paulitsch, M., Barbu, M.C., (2015) Holzwerkstoffe der Moderne, , DRW Verlag Weinbrenner: Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany; Jorda, J.S., Barbu, M.C., Kral, P., Natural fiber reinforced veneer based products (2019) Pro Ligno, 15, pp. 206-211; Laufenberg, T.L., Rowlands, R.E., Krueger, G.P., Economic Feasibility of Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Laminated Veneer Lumber (Lvl) (1984) For. Prod. J, 34, pp. 15-22; Bal, B.C., Bekta{\c s}, I., Mengeloğlu, F., Karaku{\c s}, K., Demir, H., {\"O}kke{\c s} Some technological properties of poplar plywood panels reinforced with glass fiber fabric (2015) Constr. Build. Mater, 101, pp. 952-957. , [CrossRef]; Bal, B.C., Propriedades de fixa{\c c}{\~a}o de parafusos e pregos em pain{\'e}is compensados de madeira refor{\c c}ados com tecido de fibra de vidro (2017) Cerne, 23, pp. 11-18. , [CrossRef]; Liu, Y., Guan, M., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, M., Flexural properties evaluation of carbon-fiber fabric reinforced poplar/eucalyptus composite plywood formwork (2019) Compos. Struct, 224, p. 111073. , [CrossRef]; Auriga, R., Gumowska, A., Szymanowski, K., Wronka, A., Robles, E., Ocipka, P., Kowaluk, G., Performance properties of plywood composites reinforced with carbon fibers (2020) Compos. Struct, 248, p. 112533. , [CrossRef]; Guan, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Evaluation of bending performance of carbon fiber-reinforced eucalyptus/poplar composite plywood by digital image correlation and FEA analysis (2020) J. Mater. Sci, 55, pp. 8388-8402. , [CrossRef]; Baley, C., Bourmaud, A., Davies, P., Eighty years of composites reinforced by flax fibres: A historical review (2021) Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 144, p. 106333. , [CrossRef]; Speranzini, E., Tralascia, S., Engineered lumber: LVL and solid wood reinforced with natural fibres (2010) Proceedings of the WCTE 2010, World Conference on Timber Engineering, 2, pp. 1685-1690. , Trentino, Italy, 20–24 June; Moezzipour, B., Ahmadi, M., Physical and mechanical properties of reinforced ply wood with natural fibers (2017) J. Indian Acad. Wood Sci, 14, pp. 70-73. , [CrossRef]; Kram{\'a}r, S., Mayer, A.K., Sch{\"o}pper, C., Mai, C., Use of basalt scrim to enhance mechanical properties of particleboards (2020) Constr. Build. Mater, 238, p. 117769. , [CrossRef]; Jorda, J., Kain, G., Barbu, M.-C., Haupt, M., Kri{\v s}t{\textquoteright}{\'a}k, L., Investigation of 3D-Moldability of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood (2020) Polymers, 12, p. 2852. , [CrossRef] [PubMed]; Valdes, M., Giaccu, G.F., Meloni, D., Concu, G., Reinforcement of maritime pine cross-laminated timber panels by means of natural flax fibers (2020) Constr. Build. Mater, 233, p. 117741. , [CrossRef]; (2005) EN 323 Wood-Based Panels—Determination of Density, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2005) EN 322 Wood-Based Panels—Determination of Moisture Content, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2016) Pr{\"u}fung von Sperrholz—Bestimmung des Zug-Elastizit{\"a}tsmoduls und der Zugfestigkeit, , 52377 Deutsches Institut f{\"u}r Normung: Berlin, Germany; (2005) EN 314-1 Plywood—Bonding Quality—Test Methods, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2005) EN 314-2 Plywood—Bonding Quality—Part 2—Requierments, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2005) EN 310 Wood-Based Panels—Determination of Modulus of Elasticity in Bending and of Bending Strength, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2011) Particleboards and Fibreboards—Determination of Resistance to Axial Withdrawal of Screws, , EN 320 European Committee for Standard-ization: Brussels, Belgium; Wagenf{\"u}hr, A., Scholz, F., (2008) Taschenbuch der Holztechnik, , Carl Hanser Verlag: M{\"u}nchen, Germany; Kollmann, F., (1951) Anatomie und Pathologie, Chemie, Physik Elastizit{\"a}t und Festigkeit, , Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; Aydin, I., Colakoglu, G., Colak, S., Demirkir, C., Effects of moisture content on formaldehyde emission and mechanical properties of plywood (2006) Build. Environ, 41, pp. 1311-1316. , [CrossRef]; Niemz, P., (1993) Physik des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe, , DRW Verlag Weinbrenner: Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany; Bekhta, P., Salca, E.-A., Lunguleasa, A., Some properties of plywood panels manufactured from combinations of thermally densified and non-densified veneers of different thicknesses in one structure (2019) J. Build. Eng, 29, p. 101116. , [CrossRef]; Li, W., Zhang, Z., Zhou, G., Leng, W., Mei, C., Understanding the interaction between bonding strength and strain distribution of plywood (2020) Int. J. Adhes, 98, p. 102506. , [CrossRef]; Sbardella, F., Lilli, M., Seghini, M., Bavasso, I., Touchard, F., Chocinski-Arnault, L., Rivilla, I., Sarasini, F., Interface tailoring between flax yarns and epoxy matrix by ZnO nanorods (2021) Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 140, p. 106156. , [CrossRef]; Dodangeh, F., Dorraji, M.S., Rasoulifard, M., Ashjari, H., Synthesis and characterization of alkoxy silane modified polyurethane wood adhesive based on epoxidized soybean oil polyester polyol (2020) Compos. Part B Eng, 187, p. 107857. , [CrossRef]; Somarathna, H., Raman, S., Mohotti, D., Mutalib, A., Badri, K., The use of polyurethane for structural and infrastructural engineering applications: A state-of-the-art review (2018) Constr. Build. Mater, 190, pp. 995-1014. , [CrossRef]; Mart{\'i}nez, L.M.T., Kharissova, O.V., Kharisov, B.I., (2019) Handbook of Ecomaterials, , (Eds) Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland; Lavalette, A., Cointe, A., Pommier, R., Danis, M., Delis{\'e}e, C., Legrand, G., Experimental design to determine the manufacturing parameters of a green-glued plywood panel (2016) Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod, 74, pp. 543-551. , [CrossRef]; H{\"u}bner, U., Rasser, M., Schickhofer, G., Withdrawal capacity of screws in European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) (2010) Proceedings of the WCTE 2010, World Conference on Timber Engineering, 1, pp. 241-249. , Trentino, Italy, 20–24 June; Liu, Y., Guan, M., Selected physical, mechanical, and insulation properties of carbon fiber fabric-reinforced composite plywood for carriage floors (2019) Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod, 77, pp. 995-1007. , [CrossRef]; Maleki, S., Najafi, S.K., Ebrahimi, G., Ghofrani, M., Withdrawal resistance of screws in structural composite lumber made of poplar (Populus deltoides) (2017) Constr. Build. Mater, 142, pp. 499-505. , [CrossRef]; R{\'e}h, R., Kri{\v s}t{\textquoteright}{\'a}k, L{\textquoteright}., Sedlia{\v c}ik, J., Bekhta, P., Bo{\v z}ikov{\'a}, M., Kunecov{\'a}, D., Voz{\'a}rov{\'a}, V., Savov, V., Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing (2021) Polymers, 13, p. 511. , [CrossRef] [PubMed]",

year = "2021",

month = sep,

day = "13",

doi = "10.3390/polym13183086",

language = "English",

volume = "13",

journal = "Polym.",

issn = "2073-4360",

publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",

number = "18",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Influence of Adhesive Systems on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood

AU - Jorda, J.

AU - Kain, G.

AU - Barbu, M.-C.

AU - Petutschnigg, A.

AU - Král, P.

N1 - Cited By :12 Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Kain, G.; Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Markt 136a, Austria; email: [email protected] Funding text 1: The authors are thankful for the support of Horatiu Noge, in conducting the fabrication of the test specimens and gratefully acknowledge the support of Thomas Wimmer for his contribution in conducting mechanical testing at Salzburg University of Applied Sciences at Campus Kuchl. References: Mahut, J., Reh, R., (2007) Plywood and Decorative Veneers, , Technická Univerzita Zvolene: Zvolen, Slovakia; Stark, N.M., Cai, Z., Carll, C., Chapter 11—Wood-Based Composite Materials Panel Products, Glued-Laminated Timber, Structural Materials (2010) Wood Handbook—Wood as an Engineering Material; General Technical Report FPL-GTR-282, , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory: Madison, WI, USA; Paulitsch, M., Barbu, M.C., (2015) Holzwerkstoffe der Moderne, , DRW Verlag Weinbrenner: Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany; Jorda, J.S., Barbu, M.C., Kral, P., Natural fiber reinforced veneer based products (2019) Pro Ligno, 15, pp. 206-211; Laufenberg, T.L., Rowlands, R.E., Krueger, G.P., Economic Feasibility of Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Laminated Veneer Lumber (Lvl) (1984) For. Prod. J, 34, pp. 15-22; Bal, B.C., Bektaş, I., Mengeloğlu, F., Karakuş, K., Demir, H., Ökkeş Some technological properties of poplar plywood panels reinforced with glass fiber fabric (2015) Constr. Build. Mater, 101, pp. 952-957. , [CrossRef]; Bal, B.C., Propriedades de fixação de parafusos e pregos em painéis compensados de madeira reforçados com tecido de fibra de vidro (2017) Cerne, 23, pp. 11-18. , [CrossRef]; Liu, Y., Guan, M., Chen, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, M., Flexural properties evaluation of carbon-fiber fabric reinforced poplar/eucalyptus composite plywood formwork (2019) Compos. Struct, 224, p. 111073. , [CrossRef]; Auriga, R., Gumowska, A., Szymanowski, K., Wronka, A., Robles, E., Ocipka, P., Kowaluk, G., Performance properties of plywood composites reinforced with carbon fibers (2020) Compos. Struct, 248, p. 112533. , [CrossRef]; Guan, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Evaluation of bending performance of carbon fiber-reinforced eucalyptus/poplar composite plywood by digital image correlation and FEA analysis (2020) J. Mater. Sci, 55, pp. 8388-8402. , [CrossRef]; Baley, C., Bourmaud, A., Davies, P., Eighty years of composites reinforced by flax fibres: A historical review (2021) Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 144, p. 106333. , [CrossRef]; Speranzini, E., Tralascia, S., Engineered lumber: LVL and solid wood reinforced with natural fibres (2010) Proceedings of the WCTE 2010, World Conference on Timber Engineering, 2, pp. 1685-1690. , Trentino, Italy, 20–24 June; Moezzipour, B., Ahmadi, M., Physical and mechanical properties of reinforced ply wood with natural fibers (2017) J. Indian Acad. Wood Sci, 14, pp. 70-73. , [CrossRef]; Kramár, S., Mayer, A.K., Schöpper, C., Mai, C., Use of basalt scrim to enhance mechanical properties of particleboards (2020) Constr. Build. Mater, 238, p. 117769. , [CrossRef]; Jorda, J., Kain, G., Barbu, M.-C., Haupt, M., Krišt’ák, L., Investigation of 3D-Moldability of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood (2020) Polymers, 12, p. 2852. , [CrossRef] [PubMed]; Valdes, M., Giaccu, G.F., Meloni, D., Concu, G., Reinforcement of maritime pine cross-laminated timber panels by means of natural flax fibers (2020) Constr. Build. Mater, 233, p. 117741. , [CrossRef]; (2005) EN 323 Wood-Based Panels—Determination of Density, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2005) EN 322 Wood-Based Panels—Determination of Moisture Content, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2016) Prüfung von Sperrholz—Bestimmung des Zug-Elastizitätsmoduls und der Zugfestigkeit, , 52377 Deutsches Institut für Normung: Berlin, Germany; (2005) EN 314-1 Plywood—Bonding Quality—Test Methods, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2005) EN 314-2 Plywood—Bonding Quality—Part 2—Requierments, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2005) EN 310 Wood-Based Panels—Determination of Modulus of Elasticity in Bending and of Bending Strength, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2011) Particleboards and Fibreboards—Determination of Resistance to Axial Withdrawal of Screws, , EN 320 European Committee for Standard-ization: Brussels, Belgium; Wagenführ, A., Scholz, F., (2008) Taschenbuch der Holztechnik, , Carl Hanser Verlag: München, Germany; Kollmann, F., (1951) Anatomie und Pathologie, Chemie, Physik Elastizität und Festigkeit, , Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; Aydin, I., Colakoglu, G., Colak, S., Demirkir, C., Effects of moisture content on formaldehyde emission and mechanical properties of plywood (2006) Build. Environ, 41, pp. 1311-1316. , [CrossRef]; Niemz, P., (1993) Physik des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe, , DRW Verlag Weinbrenner: Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany; Bekhta, P., Salca, E.-A., Lunguleasa, A., Some properties of plywood panels manufactured from combinations of thermally densified and non-densified veneers of different thicknesses in one structure (2019) J. Build. Eng, 29, p. 101116. , [CrossRef]; Li, W., Zhang, Z., Zhou, G., Leng, W., Mei, C., Understanding the interaction between bonding strength and strain distribution of plywood (2020) Int. J. Adhes, 98, p. 102506. , [CrossRef]; Sbardella, F., Lilli, M., Seghini, M., Bavasso, I., Touchard, F., Chocinski-Arnault, L., Rivilla, I., Sarasini, F., Interface tailoring between flax yarns and epoxy matrix by ZnO nanorods (2021) Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 140, p. 106156. , [CrossRef]; Dodangeh, F., Dorraji, M.S., Rasoulifard, M., Ashjari, H., Synthesis and characterization of alkoxy silane modified polyurethane wood adhesive based on epoxidized soybean oil polyester polyol (2020) Compos. Part B Eng, 187, p. 107857. , [CrossRef]; Somarathna, H., Raman, S., Mohotti, D., Mutalib, A., Badri, K., The use of polyurethane for structural and infrastructural engineering applications: A state-of-the-art review (2018) Constr. Build. Mater, 190, pp. 995-1014. , [CrossRef]; Martínez, L.M.T., Kharissova, O.V., Kharisov, B.I., (2019) Handbook of Ecomaterials, , (Eds) Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland; Lavalette, A., Cointe, A., Pommier, R., Danis, M., Delisée, C., Legrand, G., Experimental design to determine the manufacturing parameters of a green-glued plywood panel (2016) Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod, 74, pp. 543-551. , [CrossRef]; Hübner, U., Rasser, M., Schickhofer, G., Withdrawal capacity of screws in European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) (2010) Proceedings of the WCTE 2010, World Conference on Timber Engineering, 1, pp. 241-249. , Trentino, Italy, 20–24 June; Liu, Y., Guan, M., Selected physical, mechanical, and insulation properties of carbon fiber fabric-reinforced composite plywood for carriage floors (2019) Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod, 77, pp. 995-1007. , [CrossRef]; Maleki, S., Najafi, S.K., Ebrahimi, G., Ghofrani, M., Withdrawal resistance of screws in structural composite lumber made of poplar (Populus deltoides) (2017) Constr. Build. Mater, 142, pp. 499-505. , [CrossRef]; Réh, R., Krišt’ák, L’., Sedliačik, J., Bekhta, P., Božiková, M., Kunecová, D., Vozárová, V., Savov, V., Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing (2021) Polymers, 13, p. 511. , [CrossRef] [PubMed]

PY - 2021/9/13

Y1 - 2021/9/13

N2 - In order to improve the acceptance of broader industrial application of flax fiber reinforced beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) plywood, five different industrial applicated adhesive systems were tested. Epoxy resin, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-urea formaldehyde, isocyanate MDI prepolymer, and polyurethane displayed a divergent picture in improving the mechanical properties—modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, shear strength and screw withdrawal resistance—of flax fiber-reinforced plywood. Epoxy resin is well suited for flax fiber reinforcement, whereas urea-formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and isocyanate prepolymer improved modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, shear strength, and screw withdrawal resistance, but lowered tensile strength. Polyurethane lowered the mechanical properties of flax fiber reinforced plywood. Flax fiber reinforced epoxy resin bonded plywood exceeded glass fiber reinforced plywood in terms of shear strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture.

AB - In order to improve the acceptance of broader industrial application of flax fiber reinforced beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) plywood, five different industrial applicated adhesive systems were tested. Epoxy resin, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-urea formaldehyde, isocyanate MDI prepolymer, and polyurethane displayed a divergent picture in improving the mechanical properties—modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, tensile strength, shear strength and screw withdrawal resistance—of flax fiber-reinforced plywood. Epoxy resin is well suited for flax fiber reinforcement, whereas urea-formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and isocyanate prepolymer improved modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, shear strength, and screw withdrawal resistance, but lowered tensile strength. Polyurethane lowered the mechanical properties of flax fiber reinforced plywood. Flax fiber reinforced epoxy resin bonded plywood exceeded glass fiber reinforced plywood in terms of shear strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture.

KW - Fiber reinforced plywood

KW - Flax fiber

KW - Wood-based composite

KW - Adhesives

KW - Elastic moduli

KW - Epoxy resins

KW - Flax

KW - Formaldehyde

KW - Linen

KW - Metabolism

KW - Monomers

KW - Plywood

KW - Polyurethanes

KW - Screws

KW - Tensile strength

KW - Urea

KW - Wood products

KW - Adhesive systems

KW - Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

KW - Bonded plywood

KW - Fiber reinforced

KW - Mechanical and physical properties

KW - Melamine urea formaldehydes

KW - Modulus of rupture

KW - Urea formaldehyde

KW - Urea formaldehyde resins

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/1ec3532c-c96e-34e5-ad37-0286c07f2614/

U2 - 10.3390/polym13183086

DO - 10.3390/polym13183086

M3 - Article

C2 - 34577987

SN - 2073-4360

VL - 13

JO - Polym.

JF - Polym.

IS - 18

ER -

Influence of Adhesive Systems on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Flax Fiber Reinforced Beech Plywood

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