Enhanced Resistance to Fire of the Bark-Based Panels Bonded with Clay

E.M. Tudor; C. Scheriau; M.C. Barbu; R. Réh; L. Krišt'ák; T. Schnabel

doi:10.3390/app10165594

Enhanced Resistance to Fire of the Bark-Based Panels Bonded with Clay

E.M. Tudor
, C. Scheriau
, M.C. Barbu
, R. Réh
, L. Krišt'ák
, T. Schnabel

Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov
Weinberger Holz
Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the flammability of ecologically friendly, 100% natural larch and poplar bark-based panels bonded with clay. The clay acted as a fire retardant, and it improved the fire resistance of the boards by 12-15% for the surface and 27-39% for the edge of the testing specimens. The thermal conductivity was also analyzed. Although the panels had a density ranging from 600 to 900 kg/m3, thermal conductivity for the panel with a density of 600 kg/m3 was excellent, and it was comparable to lightweight insulation panels with much lower densities. Besides that, the advantage of the bark clay boards, as an insulation material, is mostly in an accumulative capacity similar to wood cement boards, and it can significantly improve the climatic stability of indoor spaces that have low ventilation rates. Bark boards with clay, similar to wood cement composites (wood wool cement composites and wood particle cement composites), have low mechanical properties and elasticity. Therefore, there their use is limited to non-structural paneling applications. These ecologically friendly, 100% natural and recyclable composites can be mostly used with respect to their thermal insulation, acoustics and fire resistance properties.

Original language	English
Journal	Appl. Sci.
Volume	10
Issue number	16
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165594
Publication status	Published - 12 Aug 2020

Keywords

Bark clay composite
Fire-resistant treatment
Flammability
Wood cement composites
Wood composites

Classification according to Österreichische Systematik der Wissenschaftszweige (ÖFOS 2012)

205008 Wood technology

Applied Research Level (ARL)

ARL Level 4 - Experimental setup in laboratory-like conditions

Research focus/foci

Sustainable Materials and Technologies

Access to Document

10.3390/app10165594

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85089834583&doi=10.3390%2fapp10165594&partnerID=40&md5=88c5ef62db8c43a6be0702348f15b376

Cite this

@article{de75551dc4f144459d8b72380f01354b,

title = "Enhanced Resistance to Fire of the Bark-Based Panels Bonded with Clay",

abstract = "The aim of this study was to investigate the flammability of ecologically friendly, 100\% natural larch and poplar bark-based panels bonded with clay. The clay acted as a fire retardant, and it improved the fire resistance of the boards by 12-15\% for the surface and 27-39\% for the edge of the testing specimens. The thermal conductivity was also analyzed. Although the panels had a density ranging from 600 to 900 kg/m3, thermal conductivity for the panel with a density of 600 kg/m3 was excellent, and it was comparable to lightweight insulation panels with much lower densities. Besides that, the advantage of the bark clay boards, as an insulation material, is mostly in an accumulative capacity similar to wood cement boards, and it can significantly improve the climatic stability of indoor spaces that have low ventilation rates. Bark boards with clay, similar to wood cement composites (wood wool cement composites and wood particle cement composites), have low mechanical properties and elasticity. Therefore, there their use is limited to non-structural paneling applications. These ecologically friendly, 100\% natural and recyclable composites can be mostly used with respect to their thermal insulation, acoustics and fire resistance properties.",

keywords = "Bark clay composite, Fire-resistant treatment, Flammability, Wood cement composites, Wood composites",

author = "E.M. Tudor and C. Scheriau and M.C. Barbu and R. R{\'e}h and L. Kri{\v s}t'{\'a}k and T. Schnabel",

note = "Cited By :22 Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Kri{\v s}t'{\'a}k, L.; Faculty ofWood Sciences and Technology, T.G. Masaryka 24, Slovakia; email: [email protected] Funding details: Agent{\'u}ra na Podporu V{\'y}skumu a V{\'y}voja, APVV, APVV-17-0583, APVV-18-0378, APVV-19-0269 Funding details: Vedeck{\'a} Grantov{\'a} Agent{\'u}ra M{\v S}VVa{\v S} SR a SAV, VEGA, 1/0717/19, 313011T720 Funding text 1: Funding: This research was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contracts no. APVV-17-0583, APVV-18-0378, APVV-19-0269 and VEGA 1/0717/19 and ITMS project code: 313011T720 {\textquotedblleft}LignoPro{\textquotedblright}. References: Mngomezulu, M., John, M., Jacobs, V., Luyt, A., Review on flammability of biofibres and biocomposites (2014) Carbohydr. Polym, 111, pp. 149-182; Das, O., Kim, K., Hedenqvist, M., Bhattaccharyya, D., The flammability of biocomposites (2018) Durability and Life Prediction in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites;, pp. 335-362. , Elsevier: Duxford, UK; Jawaid, M., Thariq, M., Saba, N., (2018) Durability and Life Prediction in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites;, , Elsevier Science, Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; Bekhta, P., Sedliacik, J., Environmentally-Friendly Hign-Density Polyethylene-Bonded Plywood Panels (2019) Polymers, 11, p. 1166; Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., R{\'e}h, R., Krist'{\'a}k, L., Analysis of larch-bark capacity for formaldehyde removal in wood adhesives (2020) Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, p. 764; Tudor, E.M., Dettendorfer, A., Kain, G., Barbu, M.C., R{\'e}h, R., Krist'{\'a}k, L., Sound-absorption coefficient of bark-based insulation panels (2020) Polymers, 12, p. 1012; Mazzanti, V., Malagutti, L., Mollica, F., FDM 3D printing of polymers containing natural fillers: A review of their mechanical properties (2019) Polymers, 11, p. 1094; Chung, T.J., Park, J.W., Lee, H.J., Kwon, H.J., Kim, H.J., Lee, Y.K., Tai, Y.T.W., The improvement of mechanical properties, thermal stability, and water absorption resistance of an eco-friendly PLA/Kenaf biocomposite using acetylation (2018) Appl. Sci, 8, p. 376; Bektha, P., Mamonova, M., Sedliacik, J., Novak, I., Anatomical study of short-term thermo-mechanically densified alder wood veneer with low moisture content (2016) Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod, 74, pp. 643-652; Rubino, C., Bonet, A.M., Gisbert-Pay{\'a}, J., Liuzzi, S., Stefanizzi, P., Zamorano, C.M., Martellotta, F., Composite eco-friendly sound absorbing materials made of recycled textile waste and biopolymers (2019) Materials, 12, p. 4020; Ashraf, M.A., Zwawi, M., Taqi, M.M., Kanthasamy, R., Bahadar, A., Jute based bio and hybrid composites and their applications (2019) Fibers, 7, p. 77; Pozo, M.A., G{\"u}emes, A., Fernandez-Lopez, A., Carcelen, V.V., de la Rosa, L.S., Bamboo-polylactic acid (PLA) composite material for structural applications (2017) Materials, 10, p. 1286; Zhou, R., Li, W., Mu, J., Ding, Y., Jiang, J., Synergistic effects of aluminum diethylphosphinate and melamine on improving the flame retardancy of phenolic resin (2020) Materials, 13, p. 158; Karaseva, V., Bergeret, A., Lacoste, C., Fulcrand, H., Ferry, L., New biosourced flame retardant agents based on gallic and ellagic acids for epoxy resins (2019) Molecules, 24, p. 4305; Kwang, Y.J.J., Yew, M.C., Yew, M.K., Saw, L.H., Preparation of intumescent fire protective coating for fire rated timber door (2019) Coatings, 9, p. 738; Movahedifar, E., Vahabi, H., Saeb, M.R., Thomas, S., Flame retardant epoxy composites on the road of innovation: An analysis with flame retardancy index for future development (2019) Molecules, 24, p. 3964; Hobbs, C.E., Recent advances in bio-based flame retardant additives for synthetic polymeric materials (2019) Polymers, 11, p. 224; Vahabi, H., Kandola, B.K., Saeb, M.R., Flame retardancy index for thermoplastic composites (2019) Polymers, 11, p. 407; Price, D., Anthony, G., Carty, P., Introduction: Polymer combustion, condensed phase pyrolysis and smoke formation (2011) Fire Retardant Materials;, pp. 1-30. , Limited, W.P., Richard Horrocks, A., Price, D., Eds.; Elsevier Science, Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; Vengatesan, M., Vrghese, A., Mittal, V., Thermal properties of thermoset polymers (2018) Q. Guo, Hrsg. Thermosets: Structure, Properties and Applications, p. 712. , 2nd ed.; Elsevier Science, Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; Al-Mosawi, A., Flammability of composites (2016) Lightweight Composite Structures in Transport;, pp. 361-371. , Njuguna, J., Ed.; Elsevier Science, Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; Kozlowski, R., Wesolek, D., Wladyka-Przybylak, M., Duquesne, S., Vannier, A., Bourbigot, S., Delobel, R., Intumescent flame-retardant treatments for flexible barriers (2017) Multifunctional Barriers for Flexible Structure;, pp. 39-61. , Duquesne, S., Magniez, C., Camino, G., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; Horrocks, A.R., Smart, G., Kandola, B., Holdsworth, A., Price, D., Zinc stannate interactions with flame retardants in polyamides; Part 1: Synergies with organobromine-containing flame retardants in polyamides 6 (PA6) and 6.6 (PA6.6) (2012) Polym. Degrad. Stab, 97, pp. 2503-2510; Hamdani, D.S., Longuet, C., Perrin, D., Lopez-Cuesta, J., Ganachaud, F., Flame retardancy of silicone-based materials (2009) Polym. Degrad. Stab, 94, pp. 465-495; Liu, Z., Hunt, J., Cai, Z., Fire performance of fiber board coated with nano kaolin-clay film (2013) BioResources, 8, pp. 2583-2593; Witkowski, A., Stec, A., Hull, R., The influence of metal hydroxide fire retardants and nanoclay on the thermal decomposition of EVA (2012) Polym. Degrad. Stab, 97, pp. 2231-2240; Mirski, R., Kawalerczyk, J., Dziurka, D., Wieruszewski, M., Trocinski, A., Effects of using bark particles with various dimensions as a filler for urea/formaldehyde resin in plywood (2020) Bioresources, 15, pp. 1692-1701; Kawalerczyk, J., Siuda, J., Mirski, R., Dziurka, D., Hemp flour as a formaldehyde scavenger for melamine/urea/formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production (2020) Bioresources, 2, pp. 2052-4064; R{\'e}h, R., Igaz, R., Krist{\'a}k, L., Ruziak, I., Gajtanska, M., Bozikov{\'a}, M., Kucerka, M., Functionality of beech bark in adhesive mixtures used in plywood and its effect on the stability associated with material systems (2019) Materials, 12, p. 1298; Nemec, M., Igaz, R., Gergel, T., Danihelov{\'a}, A., Ondrejka, V., Krist{\'a}k, L., Gejdos, M., Kminiak, R., Acoustic and thermophysical properties of insulation materials based on wood wool (2019) Akustika, 33, pp. 115-123; Mitterpach, J., Igaz, R., Stefko, J., Environmental evaluation of alternative wood-based external wall assembly (2020) Acta Fac. Xylologiae, 61, pp. 133-149; Scherer, R., (1907) Verfahren Zur Herstellung Eines Feuersicheren, Leichten, Por{\"o}sen Materiales, , Patent AT37223B, 20 July; Mitterpach, J., Hroncov{\'a}, E., Ladomersky, J., Stefko, J., Quantification of improvement in environmental quality for old residential buildings using life cycle assessment (2016) Sustainability, 8, p. 1303; Mitterpach, J., Stefko, J., An environmental impact of a wooden and brick house by the lca method (2016) Key Eng. Mater, 688, p. 204; Danihelov{\'a}, A., Nemec, M., Gergel, T., Gejdos, M., Gordanov{\'a}, J., Scensny, P., Usage of recycled technical textiles as thermal insulation and an acoustic absorber (2019) Sustainability, 11, p. 2968; Mrema, A., Cement bonded wood wool boards from podocarpus spp. for low cost housing (2006) J. Civ. Eng. Res. Pract, 3, pp. 51-64; Alpar, T., Pavlekovics, A., Csoka, L., Horvath, L., Wood Wool Cement Boards Produced with Nano Minerals (2011) Proceedings of the 3rd International Scintific Conference on Hardwood Processing, , Blacksburg, VA, USA, 16-18 October; Scheriau, C., (2016) Entwicklung Von Brandbest{\"a}ndigen D{\"a}mmplatten Auf Basis Von Ton Und L{\"a}rchenrinde;, , Salzburg University of Applied Sciences: Kuchl, Austria; Nedic, V., (2016) Development ofInsulation Panels Based on Bark, Clay and Natural Additives;, , Salzburg University of Applied Sciences: Kuchl, Austria; Tudor, E., Barbu, M., Petutschnigg, A., R{\'e}h, R., Added-value for wood bark as a coating layer for flooring tiles (2018) J. Clean. Prod, 170, pp. 1354-1360; Bauer, G., Speck, T., Bl{\"o}mer, J., Bertling, J., Speck, O., Insulation capability of the bark of trees with different fire adaptation (2010) J. Mater. Sci, 45, pp. 5950-5959; Jimenez, D.M.C., Guerrero, I.C., The selection of soils for unstabilised earth building: A normative review (2007) Constr. Build. Mater, 21, pp. 237-251; Brouard, Y., Belayachi, N., Hoxha, D., Ranganathan, N., Meo, S., Mechanical and hygrothermal behavior of clay: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and rape straw (Brassica napus) plaster bio-composites for building insulation (2018) Constr. Build. Mater, 161, pp. 196-207; Jiang, Y., Phelipot-Mardele, A., Collet, F., Lanos, C., Lemke, M., Ansell, M., Hussain, A., Lawrence, M., Moisture buffer, fire resistance and insulation potential of novel bio-clay plaster (2020) Constr. Build. Mater, 244, p. 118353; http://www.isolith.com/, (accessed on 17 June 2020); http://www.thermo-span.com/, (accessed on 17 June 2020); https://www.knaufamf.com/de/, (accessed on 17 June 2020); Particleboards and Fibreboards (2005) Determination ofSwelling in Thickness after Immersion in Water-Test Method;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Particleboards and Fibreboards (1993) Determination of Tensile Strength Perpendicular to the Plane of the Board Test Method;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2011) Particleboards and Fibreboards Determination ofResistance to Axial Withdrawal ofScrews Test Method;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2011) Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Products Determination of Thermal Resistance by Means of Guarded Hot Plate and Heat Flow Meter Methods Products of High and Medium Thermal Resistance Test Method;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2011) Reaction to Fire Tests Ignitability ofProducts Subjected to Direct Impingement ofFlame Part 2: Single-Flame Source Test, Test Method;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Hosseyni, M.J.M., Rahimi, S., Rahimi, S., Faezipour, M.M., Effect of nanoclay particles on the properties of particleboards (2014) J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res, 4, pp. 280-287; Ismita, N., Lokesh, C., Effects of different nanoclay loadings on the physical and mechanical properties of Melia composita particle board (2017) Bois Et Forets Des Trop, 334, pp. 8-12; (2011) EN 312: Particleboards Specifications;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Bacigalupe, A., Fernandez, M., Eisenberg, P., Escobar, M.M., Greener adhesives based on UF/soy protein reinforced with montmorillonite clay for wood particleboard (2020) J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 137, pp. 1-10; The Cement Bonded Particle Board, , https://www.amroc.de/en/, (accessed on 20 May 2020); Tudor, E.M., Zwickl, C., Eichinger, C., Petutschnigg, A., Barbu, M.C., Performance of softwood bark comminution technologes for determination of targeted particle size in further upcycling applications (2020) J. Clean. Prod, 269, p. 122412; Hu, Y., Yu, B., Song, L., Novel fire-retardant coatings (2017) D. Wang, Hrsg. Novel Fire-Retardant Polymers and Composite Materials;, , Elsevier: Duxford, UK; Kain, G., Barbu, M.C., Hinterreiter, S., Richter, K., Petutschnigg, A., Using bark as a heat insulation material (2013) Bioresources, 8, pp. 3718-3731; Schiavoni, S., D'Alessandro, F., Bianchi, F., Asdrubali, F., Insulation materials for the building sector: A review and comparative analysis (2016) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, 62, pp. 988-1011; Kain, G., G{\"u}ttler, V., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., Richter, K., Tondi, G., Density related properties of bark insulation boards bonded with tannin hexamine resin (2014) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 72, pp. 417-424; Kain, G., G{\"u}ttler, V., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., Tondi, G., Effects of different flavonoid extracts in optimizing tannin-glued bark insulation boards (2015) Wood Fiber Sci, 47, pp. 1-12; Nafchi, H.R., Abdouss, M., Najafi, S.K., Gargari, R.M., Mayhar, M., Effects of nano-clay particles and oxidized polypropylene polymers on improvement of the thermal properties of wood plastic composite (2015) Materas-Clienc. Tecnol, 17, pp. 45-54; Mahlia, T., Taufiq, B., Ismail, H., Masjuki, H., Correlation between thermal conductivity and the thickness of selected insulation materials for building wall (2007) Energy Build, 39, pp. 182-187; Gunduy, L., Kalkan, S.O., Isker, A.M., Effects of using cement-bonded particle boards with a composite component in terms of acoustic performance in outdoor noise barriers (2018) Eurasia Proc. Sci. Technol. Eng. Math, 4, pp. 246-255; Pasztory, Z., Ronyecz-Mohacsine, I., Gorbacheva, G., B{\"o}rcs{\"o}k, Z., The utilization of tree bark (2016) BioResources, 11, pp. 7859-7888; Hall, M.R., (2010) Materials for Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort in Buildings;, , CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA; Kain, G., Lienbacher, B., Barbu, M.C., Senck, S., Petutschnigg, A., Water vapour diffusion resistance of larch Larix decidua bark insulation panels and application considerations based on numeric modelling (2018) Constr. Build. Mater, p. 164; Wolfe, R., Gjinolli, A.E., Assessment of cement-bonded wood composites as a means of using low-valued wood for engineered applications (1996) Proceedings of the International Wood Engineering Conference, , New Orleans, LA, USA, 28-31 October; Yi, D., Yang, R., Wilkie, C., Full scale nanocomposites: Clay in fire retardant and polymer (2014) Polym. Degrad. Stab, 105, pp. 31-41; Liu, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, D., Song, C., Liu, J., A diffusivity model for predicting VOC diffusion in porous building materials based on fractal theory (2015) J. Hazadous Mater, 299, pp. 685-695; Moresov{\'a}, M., Sedlia{\"a}kov{\'a}, M., Schmidtov{\'a}, J., Hajd{\'u}chov{\'a}, I., Green Development in the Construction of Family Houses in Urban and Rural Settlements in Slovakia (2020) Sustainability, 12, p. 4432; Klaric, K., Greger, K., Klaric, M., Andric, T., Hitka, M., Kropivsek, J., An Exploratory Assessment of FSC Chain of Custody Certification Benefits in Croatian Wood Industry (2016) Drvna Industrija, 67, pp. 241-248; Jiang, W., Adamopoulos, S., Hosseinpourpia, R., Zigon, J., Petric, M., Sernek, M., Medved, S., Utilization of Partially Liquefied Bark for Production of Particleboards (2020) Appl. Sci, 10, p. 5253; Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Demirhan, C., Mechanical, thermal and acoustical characterizations of an insulation composite made of bio-based materials (2016) Sustain. Cities Soc, 20, pp. 17-26",

year = "2020",

month = aug,

day = "12",

doi = "10.3390/app10165594",

language = "English",

volume = "10",

journal = "Appl. Sci.",

issn = "2076-3417",

publisher = "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)",

number = "16",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Enhanced Resistance to Fire of the Bark-Based Panels Bonded with Clay

AU - Tudor, E.M.

AU - Scheriau, C.

AU - Barbu, M.C.

AU - Réh, R.

AU - Krišt'ák, L.

AU - Schnabel, T.

N1 - Cited By :22 Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Krišt'ák, L.; Faculty ofWood Sciences and Technology, T.G. Masaryka 24, Slovakia; email: [email protected] Funding details: Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja, APVV, APVV-17-0583, APVV-18-0378, APVV-19-0269 Funding details: Vedecká Grantová Agentúra MŠVVaŠ SR a SAV, VEGA, 1/0717/19, 313011T720 Funding text 1: Funding: This research was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contracts no. APVV-17-0583, APVV-18-0378, APVV-19-0269 and VEGA 1/0717/19 and ITMS project code: 313011T720 “LignoPro”. References: Mngomezulu, M., John, M., Jacobs, V., Luyt, A., Review on flammability of biofibres and biocomposites (2014) Carbohydr. Polym, 111, pp. 149-182; Das, O., Kim, K., Hedenqvist, M., Bhattaccharyya, D., The flammability of biocomposites (2018) Durability and Life Prediction in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites;, pp. 335-362. , Elsevier: Duxford, UK; Jawaid, M., Thariq, M., Saba, N., (2018) Durability and Life Prediction in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites;, , Elsevier Science, Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; Bekhta, P., Sedliacik, J., Environmentally-Friendly Hign-Density Polyethylene-Bonded Plywood Panels (2019) Polymers, 11, p. 1166; Tudor, E.M., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., Réh, R., Krist'ák, L., Analysis of larch-bark capacity for formaldehyde removal in wood adhesives (2020) Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, p. 764; Tudor, E.M., Dettendorfer, A., Kain, G., Barbu, M.C., Réh, R., Krist'ák, L., Sound-absorption coefficient of bark-based insulation panels (2020) Polymers, 12, p. 1012; Mazzanti, V., Malagutti, L., Mollica, F., FDM 3D printing of polymers containing natural fillers: A review of their mechanical properties (2019) Polymers, 11, p. 1094; Chung, T.J., Park, J.W., Lee, H.J., Kwon, H.J., Kim, H.J., Lee, Y.K., Tai, Y.T.W., The improvement of mechanical properties, thermal stability, and water absorption resistance of an eco-friendly PLA/Kenaf biocomposite using acetylation (2018) Appl. Sci, 8, p. 376; Bektha, P., Mamonova, M., Sedliacik, J., Novak, I., Anatomical study of short-term thermo-mechanically densified alder wood veneer with low moisture content (2016) Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod, 74, pp. 643-652; Rubino, C., Bonet, A.M., Gisbert-Payá, J., Liuzzi, S., Stefanizzi, P., Zamorano, C.M., Martellotta, F., Composite eco-friendly sound absorbing materials made of recycled textile waste and biopolymers (2019) Materials, 12, p. 4020; Ashraf, M.A., Zwawi, M., Taqi, M.M., Kanthasamy, R., Bahadar, A., Jute based bio and hybrid composites and their applications (2019) Fibers, 7, p. 77; Pozo, M.A., Güemes, A., Fernandez-Lopez, A., Carcelen, V.V., de la Rosa, L.S., Bamboo-polylactic acid (PLA) composite material for structural applications (2017) Materials, 10, p. 1286; Zhou, R., Li, W., Mu, J., Ding, Y., Jiang, J., Synergistic effects of aluminum diethylphosphinate and melamine on improving the flame retardancy of phenolic resin (2020) Materials, 13, p. 158; Karaseva, V., Bergeret, A., Lacoste, C., Fulcrand, H., Ferry, L., New biosourced flame retardant agents based on gallic and ellagic acids for epoxy resins (2019) Molecules, 24, p. 4305; Kwang, Y.J.J., Yew, M.C., Yew, M.K., Saw, L.H., Preparation of intumescent fire protective coating for fire rated timber door (2019) Coatings, 9, p. 738; Movahedifar, E., Vahabi, H., Saeb, M.R., Thomas, S., Flame retardant epoxy composites on the road of innovation: An analysis with flame retardancy index for future development (2019) Molecules, 24, p. 3964; Hobbs, C.E., Recent advances in bio-based flame retardant additives for synthetic polymeric materials (2019) Polymers, 11, p. 224; Vahabi, H., Kandola, B.K., Saeb, M.R., Flame retardancy index for thermoplastic composites (2019) Polymers, 11, p. 407; Price, D., Anthony, G., Carty, P., Introduction: Polymer combustion, condensed phase pyrolysis and smoke formation (2011) Fire Retardant Materials;, pp. 1-30. , Limited, W.P., Richard Horrocks, A., Price, D., Eds.; Elsevier Science, Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; Vengatesan, M., Vrghese, A., Mittal, V., Thermal properties of thermoset polymers (2018) Q. Guo, Hrsg. Thermosets: Structure, Properties and Applications, p. 712. , 2nd ed.; Elsevier Science, Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; Al-Mosawi, A., Flammability of composites (2016) Lightweight Composite Structures in Transport;, pp. 361-371. , Njuguna, J., Ed.; Elsevier Science, Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; Kozlowski, R., Wesolek, D., Wladyka-Przybylak, M., Duquesne, S., Vannier, A., Bourbigot, S., Delobel, R., Intumescent flame-retardant treatments for flexible barriers (2017) Multifunctional Barriers for Flexible Structure;, pp. 39-61. , Duquesne, S., Magniez, C., Camino, G., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany; Horrocks, A.R., Smart, G., Kandola, B., Holdsworth, A., Price, D., Zinc stannate interactions with flame retardants in polyamides; Part 1: Synergies with organobromine-containing flame retardants in polyamides 6 (PA6) and 6.6 (PA6.6) (2012) Polym. Degrad. Stab, 97, pp. 2503-2510; Hamdani, D.S., Longuet, C., Perrin, D., Lopez-Cuesta, J., Ganachaud, F., Flame retardancy of silicone-based materials (2009) Polym. Degrad. Stab, 94, pp. 465-495; Liu, Z., Hunt, J., Cai, Z., Fire performance of fiber board coated with nano kaolin-clay film (2013) BioResources, 8, pp. 2583-2593; Witkowski, A., Stec, A., Hull, R., The influence of metal hydroxide fire retardants and nanoclay on the thermal decomposition of EVA (2012) Polym. Degrad. Stab, 97, pp. 2231-2240; Mirski, R., Kawalerczyk, J., Dziurka, D., Wieruszewski, M., Trocinski, A., Effects of using bark particles with various dimensions as a filler for urea/formaldehyde resin in plywood (2020) Bioresources, 15, pp. 1692-1701; Kawalerczyk, J., Siuda, J., Mirski, R., Dziurka, D., Hemp flour as a formaldehyde scavenger for melamine/urea/formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production (2020) Bioresources, 2, pp. 2052-4064; Réh, R., Igaz, R., Kristák, L., Ruziak, I., Gajtanska, M., Boziková, M., Kucerka, M., Functionality of beech bark in adhesive mixtures used in plywood and its effect on the stability associated with material systems (2019) Materials, 12, p. 1298; Nemec, M., Igaz, R., Gergel, T., Danihelová, A., Ondrejka, V., Kristák, L., Gejdos, M., Kminiak, R., Acoustic and thermophysical properties of insulation materials based on wood wool (2019) Akustika, 33, pp. 115-123; Mitterpach, J., Igaz, R., Stefko, J., Environmental evaluation of alternative wood-based external wall assembly (2020) Acta Fac. Xylologiae, 61, pp. 133-149; Scherer, R., (1907) Verfahren Zur Herstellung Eines Feuersicheren, Leichten, Porösen Materiales, , Patent AT37223B, 20 July; Mitterpach, J., Hroncová, E., Ladomersky, J., Stefko, J., Quantification of improvement in environmental quality for old residential buildings using life cycle assessment (2016) Sustainability, 8, p. 1303; Mitterpach, J., Stefko, J., An environmental impact of a wooden and brick house by the lca method (2016) Key Eng. Mater, 688, p. 204; Danihelová, A., Nemec, M., Gergel, T., Gejdos, M., Gordanová, J., Scensny, P., Usage of recycled technical textiles as thermal insulation and an acoustic absorber (2019) Sustainability, 11, p. 2968; Mrema, A., Cement bonded wood wool boards from podocarpus spp. for low cost housing (2006) J. Civ. Eng. Res. Pract, 3, pp. 51-64; Alpar, T., Pavlekovics, A., Csoka, L., Horvath, L., Wood Wool Cement Boards Produced with Nano Minerals (2011) Proceedings of the 3rd International Scintific Conference on Hardwood Processing, , Blacksburg, VA, USA, 16-18 October; Scheriau, C., (2016) Entwicklung Von Brandbeständigen Dämmplatten Auf Basis Von Ton Und Lärchenrinde;, , Salzburg University of Applied Sciences: Kuchl, Austria; Nedic, V., (2016) Development ofInsulation Panels Based on Bark, Clay and Natural Additives;, , Salzburg University of Applied Sciences: Kuchl, Austria; Tudor, E., Barbu, M., Petutschnigg, A., Réh, R., Added-value for wood bark as a coating layer for flooring tiles (2018) J. Clean. Prod, 170, pp. 1354-1360; Bauer, G., Speck, T., Blömer, J., Bertling, J., Speck, O., Insulation capability of the bark of trees with different fire adaptation (2010) J. Mater. Sci, 45, pp. 5950-5959; Jimenez, D.M.C., Guerrero, I.C., The selection of soils for unstabilised earth building: A normative review (2007) Constr. Build. Mater, 21, pp. 237-251; Brouard, Y., Belayachi, N., Hoxha, D., Ranganathan, N., Meo, S., Mechanical and hygrothermal behavior of clay: Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and rape straw (Brassica napus) plaster bio-composites for building insulation (2018) Constr. Build. Mater, 161, pp. 196-207; Jiang, Y., Phelipot-Mardele, A., Collet, F., Lanos, C., Lemke, M., Ansell, M., Hussain, A., Lawrence, M., Moisture buffer, fire resistance and insulation potential of novel bio-clay plaster (2020) Constr. Build. Mater, 244, p. 118353; http://www.isolith.com/, (accessed on 17 June 2020); http://www.thermo-span.com/, (accessed on 17 June 2020); https://www.knaufamf.com/de/, (accessed on 17 June 2020); Particleboards and Fibreboards (2005) Determination ofSwelling in Thickness after Immersion in Water-Test Method;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Particleboards and Fibreboards (1993) Determination of Tensile Strength Perpendicular to the Plane of the Board Test Method;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2011) Particleboards and Fibreboards Determination ofResistance to Axial Withdrawal ofScrews Test Method;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2011) Thermal Performance of Building Materials and Products Determination of Thermal Resistance by Means of Guarded Hot Plate and Heat Flow Meter Methods Products of High and Medium Thermal Resistance Test Method;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; (2011) Reaction to Fire Tests Ignitability ofProducts Subjected to Direct Impingement ofFlame Part 2: Single-Flame Source Test, Test Method;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Hosseyni, M.J.M., Rahimi, S., Rahimi, S., Faezipour, M.M., Effect of nanoclay particles on the properties of particleboards (2014) J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res, 4, pp. 280-287; Ismita, N., Lokesh, C., Effects of different nanoclay loadings on the physical and mechanical properties of Melia composita particle board (2017) Bois Et Forets Des Trop, 334, pp. 8-12; (2011) EN 312: Particleboards Specifications;, , European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium; Bacigalupe, A., Fernandez, M., Eisenberg, P., Escobar, M.M., Greener adhesives based on UF/soy protein reinforced with montmorillonite clay for wood particleboard (2020) J. Appl. Polym. Sci, 137, pp. 1-10; The Cement Bonded Particle Board, , https://www.amroc.de/en/, (accessed on 20 May 2020); Tudor, E.M., Zwickl, C., Eichinger, C., Petutschnigg, A., Barbu, M.C., Performance of softwood bark comminution technologes for determination of targeted particle size in further upcycling applications (2020) J. Clean. Prod, 269, p. 122412; Hu, Y., Yu, B., Song, L., Novel fire-retardant coatings (2017) D. Wang, Hrsg. Novel Fire-Retardant Polymers and Composite Materials;, , Elsevier: Duxford, UK; Kain, G., Barbu, M.C., Hinterreiter, S., Richter, K., Petutschnigg, A., Using bark as a heat insulation material (2013) Bioresources, 8, pp. 3718-3731; Schiavoni, S., D'Alessandro, F., Bianchi, F., Asdrubali, F., Insulation materials for the building sector: A review and comparative analysis (2016) Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, 62, pp. 988-1011; Kain, G., Güttler, V., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., Richter, K., Tondi, G., Density related properties of bark insulation boards bonded with tannin hexamine resin (2014) Eur. J. Wood Prod, 72, pp. 417-424; Kain, G., Güttler, V., Barbu, M.C., Petutschnigg, A., Tondi, G., Effects of different flavonoid extracts in optimizing tannin-glued bark insulation boards (2015) Wood Fiber Sci, 47, pp. 1-12; Nafchi, H.R., Abdouss, M., Najafi, S.K., Gargari, R.M., Mayhar, M., Effects of nano-clay particles and oxidized polypropylene polymers on improvement of the thermal properties of wood plastic composite (2015) Materas-Clienc. Tecnol, 17, pp. 45-54; Mahlia, T., Taufiq, B., Ismail, H., Masjuki, H., Correlation between thermal conductivity and the thickness of selected insulation materials for building wall (2007) Energy Build, 39, pp. 182-187; Gunduy, L., Kalkan, S.O., Isker, A.M., Effects of using cement-bonded particle boards with a composite component in terms of acoustic performance in outdoor noise barriers (2018) Eurasia Proc. Sci. Technol. Eng. Math, 4, pp. 246-255; Pasztory, Z., Ronyecz-Mohacsine, I., Gorbacheva, G., Börcsök, Z., The utilization of tree bark (2016) BioResources, 11, pp. 7859-7888; Hall, M.R., (2010) Materials for Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort in Buildings;, , CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA; Kain, G., Lienbacher, B., Barbu, M.C., Senck, S., Petutschnigg, A., Water vapour diffusion resistance of larch Larix decidua bark insulation panels and application considerations based on numeric modelling (2018) Constr. Build. Mater, p. 164; Wolfe, R., Gjinolli, A.E., Assessment of cement-bonded wood composites as a means of using low-valued wood for engineered applications (1996) Proceedings of the International Wood Engineering Conference, , New Orleans, LA, USA, 28-31 October; Yi, D., Yang, R., Wilkie, C., Full scale nanocomposites: Clay in fire retardant and polymer (2014) Polym. Degrad. Stab, 105, pp. 31-41; Liu, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, D., Song, C., Liu, J., A diffusivity model for predicting VOC diffusion in porous building materials based on fractal theory (2015) J. Hazadous Mater, 299, pp. 685-695; Moresová, M., Sedliaäková, M., Schmidtová, J., Hajdúchová, I., Green Development in the Construction of Family Houses in Urban and Rural Settlements in Slovakia (2020) Sustainability, 12, p. 4432; Klaric, K., Greger, K., Klaric, M., Andric, T., Hitka, M., Kropivsek, J., An Exploratory Assessment of FSC Chain of Custody Certification Benefits in Croatian Wood Industry (2016) Drvna Industrija, 67, pp. 241-248; Jiang, W., Adamopoulos, S., Hosseinpourpia, R., Zigon, J., Petric, M., Sernek, M., Medved, S., Utilization of Partially Liquefied Bark for Production of Particleboards (2020) Appl. Sci, 10, p. 5253; Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Demirhan, C., Mechanical, thermal and acoustical characterizations of an insulation composite made of bio-based materials (2016) Sustain. Cities Soc, 20, pp. 17-26

PY - 2020/8/12

Y1 - 2020/8/12

N2 - The aim of this study was to investigate the flammability of ecologically friendly, 100% natural larch and poplar bark-based panels bonded with clay. The clay acted as a fire retardant, and it improved the fire resistance of the boards by 12-15% for the surface and 27-39% for the edge of the testing specimens. The thermal conductivity was also analyzed. Although the panels had a density ranging from 600 to 900 kg/m3, thermal conductivity for the panel with a density of 600 kg/m3 was excellent, and it was comparable to lightweight insulation panels with much lower densities. Besides that, the advantage of the bark clay boards, as an insulation material, is mostly in an accumulative capacity similar to wood cement boards, and it can significantly improve the climatic stability of indoor spaces that have low ventilation rates. Bark boards with clay, similar to wood cement composites (wood wool cement composites and wood particle cement composites), have low mechanical properties and elasticity. Therefore, there their use is limited to non-structural paneling applications. These ecologically friendly, 100% natural and recyclable composites can be mostly used with respect to their thermal insulation, acoustics and fire resistance properties.

AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the flammability of ecologically friendly, 100% natural larch and poplar bark-based panels bonded with clay. The clay acted as a fire retardant, and it improved the fire resistance of the boards by 12-15% for the surface and 27-39% for the edge of the testing specimens. The thermal conductivity was also analyzed. Although the panels had a density ranging from 600 to 900 kg/m3, thermal conductivity for the panel with a density of 600 kg/m3 was excellent, and it was comparable to lightweight insulation panels with much lower densities. Besides that, the advantage of the bark clay boards, as an insulation material, is mostly in an accumulative capacity similar to wood cement boards, and it can significantly improve the climatic stability of indoor spaces that have low ventilation rates. Bark boards with clay, similar to wood cement composites (wood wool cement composites and wood particle cement composites), have low mechanical properties and elasticity. Therefore, there their use is limited to non-structural paneling applications. These ecologically friendly, 100% natural and recyclable composites can be mostly used with respect to their thermal insulation, acoustics and fire resistance properties.

KW - Bark clay composite

KW - Fire-resistant treatment

KW - Flammability

KW - Wood cement composites

KW - Wood composites

UR - https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/c697c243-c00f-38b2-9c29-e0cc50a1e40c/

U2 - 10.3390/app10165594

DO - 10.3390/app10165594

M3 - Article

SN - 2076-3417

VL - 10

JO - Appl. Sci.

JF - Appl. Sci.

IS - 16

ER -

Enhanced Resistance to Fire of the Bark-Based Panels Bonded with Clay

Abstract

Keywords

Classification according to Österreichische Systematik der Wissenschaftszweige (ÖFOS 2012)

Applied Research Level (ARL)

Research focus/foci

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this