Assess: anomaly sensitive state estimation with streaming systems

M. Brand; D. Engel; S. Lehnhoff

doi:10.1186/s42162-023-00276-1

Assess: anomaly sensitive state estimation with streaming systems

M. Brand, D. Engel, S. Lehnhoff

Information Technologies and Digitalisation

OFFIS - Institute for Information Technology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Information and communication technology (ICT) is an increasing part of modern power systems, which are, therefore, recognised as cyber-physical energy system (CPESs). The increase of ICT affects the situational awareness in CPESs, which is traditionally solely based on information about the power system but not about the ICT system. However, CPESs are facing various challenges regarding the integrity, correctness, and availability of process data due to the interconnection with ICT. Examples are stealthy false data injection attack (FDIAs). This paper pursues a holistic approach to describe the quality of process data, which brings together aspects like integrity, correctness, and availability in multivariate trust values. The arising research question this paper deals with is, how multivariate trust in physical measurements in a CPES can be modelled, estimated, and integrated into situational awareness. A proposed framework implements a context-sensitive and multivariate trust model as well as a trust sensitive state estimation. While these two artefacts are already published, the focus of this paper is on the implementation of the framework and the fulfilment of the requirements for timeliness, interoperability, flexibility, and scalability. It is evaluated in three different scenarios with CIGRE and IEEE benchmark grids. © 2023, The Author(s).

Original language	English
Journal	Energy. Inform.
Volume	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/s42162-023-00276-1
Publication status	Published - 19 Oct 2023

Keywords

Cyber-physical energy system
Data stream management system
Event-driven processing
State estimation
Trust
Cyber Physical System
Electric power system interconnection
Information management
Smart power grids
Cybe-physical energy system
Cyber physicals
Data stream management systems
Energy systems
Event-driven
Information and Communication Technologies
Physical energy
Power

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10.1186/s42162-023-00276-1

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85174487407&doi=10.1186%2fs42162-023-00276-1&partnerID=40&md5=0cf9308d08cc0d92f1a26cc3c1d62f06

Cite this

@article{a4a2b85d9edf4229acf6cb9f9a640d53,

title = "Assess: anomaly sensitive state estimation with streaming systems",

abstract = "Information and communication technology (ICT) is an increasing part of modern power systems, which are, therefore, recognised as cyber-physical energy system (CPESs). The increase of ICT affects the situational awareness in CPESs, which is traditionally solely based on information about the power system but not about the ICT system. However, CPESs are facing various challenges regarding the integrity, correctness, and availability of process data due to the interconnection with ICT. Examples are stealthy false data injection attack (FDIAs). This paper pursues a holistic approach to describe the quality of process data, which brings together aspects like integrity, correctness, and availability in multivariate trust values. The arising research question this paper deals with is, how multivariate trust in physical measurements in a CPES can be modelled, estimated, and integrated into situational awareness. A proposed framework implements a context-sensitive and multivariate trust model as well as a trust sensitive state estimation. While these two artefacts are already published, the focus of this paper is on the implementation of the framework and the fulfilment of the requirements for timeliness, interoperability, flexibility, and scalability. It is evaluated in three different scenarios with CIGRE and IEEE benchmark grids. {\textcopyright} 2023, The Author(s).",

keywords = "Cyber-physical energy system, Data stream management system, Event-driven processing, State estimation, Trust, Cyber Physical System, Electric power system interconnection, Information management, Smart power grids, Cybe-physical energy system, Cyber physicals, Data stream management systems, Energy systems, Event-driven, Information and Communication Technologies, Physical energy, Power",

author = "M. Brand and D. Engel and S. Lehnhoff",

note = "Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Brand, M.; OFFIS – Institute for Information Technology, Escherweg 2, Germany; email: [email protected] References: Abur, A., Exposito, A.G., (2004) Power system state estimation: theory and implementation, , CRC Press, Boca Raton; Ahmad, Y., Berg, B., Cetintemel, U., Humphrey, M., Hwang, J.-H., Jhingran, A., Maskey, A., Tatbul, N., Distributed operation in the borealis stream processing engine (2005) Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 882-884; Alabadi, M., Albayrak, Z., Q-learning for securing cyber-physical systems: A survey (2020) 2020 International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA). IEEE, , Ankara; Anders, G., Stegh{\"o}fer, J.-P., Siefert, F., Reif, W., Patterns to measure and utilize trust in multi-agent systems (2011) In: 2011 Fifth IEEE Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops, pp. 35-40. , . IEEE, Ann Arbor; Appelrath, H.-J., Geesen, D., Grawunder, M., Michelsen, T., Nicklas, D., Odysseus: A highly customizable framework for creating efficient event stream management systems (2012) Proceedings of the 6Th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems, pp. 367-368. , ACM; Arasu, A., Babu, S., Widom, J., (2002) An Abstract Semantics and Concrete Language for Continuous Queries over Streams and Relations, , Technical report, Stanford; Basciftci, Y.O., Ozguner, F., Trust aware particle filters for autonomous vehicles (2012) 2012 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety, ICVES, 2012, pp. 50-54; Brand, M., Babazadeh, D., Lehnhoff, S., Engel, D., Trust in control: a trust model for power system network assessment (2019) EPJ Web Conf, 217, p. 01008; Brand, M., Babazadeh, D., Kr{\"u}ger, C., Siemers, B., Lehnhoff, S., Trust assessment of power system states (2020) Energy Inform, 3 (1), p. 18; Brand, M., Babazadeh, D., Lehnhoff, S., Trust in power system state variables based on trust in measurements (2021) Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Madrid Powertech, pp. 1-6. , IEEE, Madrid; Brand, M., Castro, F., Hage Hassen, B., Kr{\"u}ger, C., Logemann, T., Siemers, B., Weller, D., Lehnhoff, S., Demo abstract: A platform to assess the trust in power system components, data, and services (2021) Abstracts of the 10Th DACH+ Conference on Energy Informatics, p. 26. , Springer; Brettlecker, G., Schuldt, H., Schek, H.-J., Towards reliable data stream processing with OSIRIS-SE (2005) BTW, pp. 405-414; Cai, X., Wang, Q., Tang, Y., Zhu, L., Review of cyber-attacks and defense research on cyber physical power system (2019) 2019 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (Ispec). IEEE, Beijing, P, pp. 487-492; Cugola, G., Margara, A., Processing flows of information (2012) ACM Comput Surv, 44, p. 3; Cui, S., Han, Z., Kar, S., Kim, T.T., Poor, H.V., Tajer, A., Coordinated data-injection attack and detection in the smart grid: a detailed look at enriching detection solutions (2012) IEEE Signal Proc Mag, 29 (5), pp. 106-115; de Figueiredo, H.F.M., Ferst, M.K., Denardin, G.W., An overview about detection of cyber-attacks on power SCADA systems (2019) In: 2019 IEEE 15Th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 5Th IEEE Southern Power Electronics Conference (COBEP/SPEC), , IEEE, Santos; Dehghanpour, K., Wang, Z., Wang, J., Yuan, Y., Bu, F., A survey on state estimation techniques and challenges in smart distribution systems (2019) IEEE Trans Smart Grid, 10 (2), pp. 2312-2322; Ferrag, M.A., Babaghayou, M., Yazici, M.A., Cyber security for fog-based smart grid SCADA systems: solutions and challenges (2020) J Inform Sec Appl, 52; Geisler, S., Data stream management systems (2013) Proceedings of the 2010 data exchange, integration and streams, pp. 275-304. , Kolaitis PG, Lenzerini M, Schweikardt N, (eds), Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, Leipzig; Goel, S., Hong, Y., Security challenges in smart grid implementation (2015) Smart Grid Security, pp. 1-39. , Goel S, (ed), Springer, London; Golab, L., {\"O}zsu, M.T., Issues in data stream management (2003) ACM Sigmod Rec, 32 (2), pp. 5-14; Gunduz, M.Z., Das, R., Cyber-security on smart grid: threats and potential solutions (2020) Comput Netw, 169; Huang, Y.-F., Werner, S., Huang, J., Kashyap, N., Gupta, V., State estimation in electric power grids: meeting new challenges presented by the requirements of the future grid (2012) IEEE Signal Process Mag, 29 (5), pp. 33-43; Humayed, A., Lin, J., Li, F., Luo, B., Cyber-physical systems security—a survey (2017) IEEE Internet Things J, 4 (6), pp. 1802-1831; Hwang, J.-H., Balazinska, M., Rasin, A., Cetintemel, U., Stonebraker, M., Zdonik, S., High-availability algorithms for distributed stream processing (2005) 21St International Conference on Data Engineering, pp. 779-790. , IEEE; Karimipour, H., Srikantha, P., Farag, H., Wei-Kocsis, J., (2020) Security of cyber-physical systems, , Springer, Cham; Kornecki, A.J., Subramanian, N., Zalewski, J., Studying interrelationships of safety and security for software assurance in cyber-physical systems: approach based on bayesian belief networks (2013) 2013 federated conference on computer science and information systems, pp. 1393-1399. , Kornecki AJ, (ed), IEEE, Krakow; Kr{\"a}mer, J., (2007) Continuous Queries over Data Streams—semantics and Implementation, , PhD thesis, University of Marburg; Liu, Y., Li, C., Secure distributed estimation over wireless sensor networks under attacks (2018) IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 54 (4), pp. 1815-1831; Liu, Y., Ning, P., Reiter, M.K., False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids (2011) ACM Trans Inform Syst Sec, 14 (1), pp. 1-33; Liu, T., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Gui, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, D., Shen, C., Abnormal traffic-indexed state estimation: a cyber-physical fusion approach for smart grid attack detection (2015) Future Gener Comput Syst, 49, pp. 94-103; Ma, L., Xu, G., Distributed resilient voltage and reactive power control for islanded microgrids under false data injection attacks (2020) Energies, 13 (15), p. 3828; Mahmoud, M.S., Hamdan, M.M., Baroudi, U.A., Modeling and control of cyber-physical systems subject to cyber attacks: a survey of recent advances and challenges (2019) Neurocomputing, 338, pp. 101-115; Merkli, S., Streaming in the cloud. PhD thesis, Master Thesis (2010) Eidgen{\"o}ssische Technische Hochschule, pp. 2009-2010; Mo, Y., Sinopoli, B., Secure estimation in the presence of integrity attacks (2015) IEEE Transact Autom Control, 60 (4), pp. 1145-1151; Mustafa, A., Poudel, B., Bidram, A., Modares, H., Detection and mitigation of data manipulation attacks in AC microgrids (2020) IEEE Trans Smart Grid, 11 (3), pp. 2588-2603; Odysseus, , https://odysseus.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/, Accessed 28 Feb 2023; Panteli, M., (2013) Impact of ICT Reliability and Situation Awareness on Power System Blackouts, , Doctor thesis; Pillitteri Victoria, Y., Brewer, T.L., Guidelines for smart grid cybersecurity (2014) Technical Report, NISTIR, , https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2014/NIST.IR.7628r1.pdf, Accessed 28 Aug 2023; Rosinger, C., Beer, S., Glaubw{\"u}rdigkeit in dynamischen Wirkleistungsverb{\"u}nden (2015) Informatik-Spektrum, 38 (2), pp. 103-110; Rosinger, C., Uslar, M., Sauer, J., Threat scenarios to evaluate trustworthiness of multi-agents in the energy data management (2013) 7Th International Conference on Environmental Informatics for Environmental Protection, Sustainable Development and Risk Management, Enviroinfo 2013, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 258-264. , September 2-4, 2013. Proceedings. Shaker, Hamburg; Rosinger, C., Uslar, M., Sauer, J., Using information security as a facet of trustworthiness for self-organizing agents in energy coalition formation processes (2014) Enviroinfo, pp. 373-380. , . BIS-Verlag, Oldenburg; Stegh{\"o}fer, J.-P., Kiefhaber, R., Leichtenstern, K., Bernard, Y., Klejnowski, L., Reif, W., Ungerer, T., M{\"u}ller-Schloer, C., (2010) Trustworthy organic computing systems: challenges and perspectives, pp. 62-76. , Springer, Berlin; Stonebraker, M., {\c C}etintemel, U., Zdonik, S., The 8 requirements of real-time stream processing (2005) SIGMOD Rec, 34 (4), pp. 42-47; Wang, J., Shi, D., Cyber-attacks related to intelligent electronic devices and their countermeasures: A review (2018) 2018 53Rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), , IEEE, Glasgow; Xie, B., Peng, C., Yang, M., Kong, X., Zhang, T., A novel trust-based false data detection method for power systems under false data injection attacks (2019) J Frank Inst; Xing, L., Cascading failures in internet of things: review and perspectives on reliability and resilience (2020) IEEE Internet Things J, 4662, p. 1; Xiong, K., Ning, P., Cost-efficient and attack-resilient approaches for state estimation in power grids (2015) Proceedings of the 30Th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 2192-2197. , ACM, Salamanca",

year = "2023",

month = oct,

day = "19",

doi = "10.1186/s42162-023-00276-1",

language = "English",

volume = "6",

journal = "Energy. Inform.",

issn = "2520-8942",

publisher = "SpringerOpen",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Assess: anomaly sensitive state estimation with streaming systems

AU - Brand, M.

AU - Engel, D.

AU - Lehnhoff, S.

N1 - Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Brand, M.; OFFIS – Institute for Information Technology, Escherweg 2, Germany; email: [email protected] References: Abur, A., Exposito, A.G., (2004) Power system state estimation: theory and implementation, , CRC Press, Boca Raton; Ahmad, Y., Berg, B., Cetintemel, U., Humphrey, M., Hwang, J.-H., Jhingran, A., Maskey, A., Tatbul, N., Distributed operation in the borealis stream processing engine (2005) Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, pp. 882-884; Alabadi, M., Albayrak, Z., Q-learning for securing cyber-physical systems: A survey (2020) 2020 International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA). IEEE, , Ankara; Anders, G., Steghöfer, J.-P., Siefert, F., Reif, W., Patterns to measure and utilize trust in multi-agent systems (2011) In: 2011 Fifth IEEE Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshops, pp. 35-40. , . IEEE, Ann Arbor; Appelrath, H.-J., Geesen, D., Grawunder, M., Michelsen, T., Nicklas, D., Odysseus: A highly customizable framework for creating efficient event stream management systems (2012) Proceedings of the 6Th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems, pp. 367-368. , ACM; Arasu, A., Babu, S., Widom, J., (2002) An Abstract Semantics and Concrete Language for Continuous Queries over Streams and Relations, , Technical report, Stanford; Basciftci, Y.O., Ozguner, F., Trust aware particle filters for autonomous vehicles (2012) 2012 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety, ICVES, 2012, pp. 50-54; Brand, M., Babazadeh, D., Lehnhoff, S., Engel, D., Trust in control: a trust model for power system network assessment (2019) EPJ Web Conf, 217, p. 01008; Brand, M., Babazadeh, D., Krüger, C., Siemers, B., Lehnhoff, S., Trust assessment of power system states (2020) Energy Inform, 3 (1), p. 18; Brand, M., Babazadeh, D., Lehnhoff, S., Trust in power system state variables based on trust in measurements (2021) Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE Madrid Powertech, pp. 1-6. , IEEE, Madrid; Brand, M., Castro, F., Hage Hassen, B., Krüger, C., Logemann, T., Siemers, B., Weller, D., Lehnhoff, S., Demo abstract: A platform to assess the trust in power system components, data, and services (2021) Abstracts of the 10Th DACH+ Conference on Energy Informatics, p. 26. , Springer; Brettlecker, G., Schuldt, H., Schek, H.-J., Towards reliable data stream processing with OSIRIS-SE (2005) BTW, pp. 405-414; Cai, X., Wang, Q., Tang, Y., Zhu, L., Review of cyber-attacks and defense research on cyber physical power system (2019) 2019 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (Ispec). IEEE, Beijing, P, pp. 487-492; Cugola, G., Margara, A., Processing flows of information (2012) ACM Comput Surv, 44, p. 3; Cui, S., Han, Z., Kar, S., Kim, T.T., Poor, H.V., Tajer, A., Coordinated data-injection attack and detection in the smart grid: a detailed look at enriching detection solutions (2012) IEEE Signal Proc Mag, 29 (5), pp. 106-115; de Figueiredo, H.F.M., Ferst, M.K., Denardin, G.W., An overview about detection of cyber-attacks on power SCADA systems (2019) In: 2019 IEEE 15Th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 5Th IEEE Southern Power Electronics Conference (COBEP/SPEC), , IEEE, Santos; Dehghanpour, K., Wang, Z., Wang, J., Yuan, Y., Bu, F., A survey on state estimation techniques and challenges in smart distribution systems (2019) IEEE Trans Smart Grid, 10 (2), pp. 2312-2322; Ferrag, M.A., Babaghayou, M., Yazici, M.A., Cyber security for fog-based smart grid SCADA systems: solutions and challenges (2020) J Inform Sec Appl, 52; Geisler, S., Data stream management systems (2013) Proceedings of the 2010 data exchange, integration and streams, pp. 275-304. , Kolaitis PG, Lenzerini M, Schweikardt N, (eds), Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, Leipzig; Goel, S., Hong, Y., Security challenges in smart grid implementation (2015) Smart Grid Security, pp. 1-39. , Goel S, (ed), Springer, London; Golab, L., Özsu, M.T., Issues in data stream management (2003) ACM Sigmod Rec, 32 (2), pp. 5-14; Gunduz, M.Z., Das, R., Cyber-security on smart grid: threats and potential solutions (2020) Comput Netw, 169; Huang, Y.-F., Werner, S., Huang, J., Kashyap, N., Gupta, V., State estimation in electric power grids: meeting new challenges presented by the requirements of the future grid (2012) IEEE Signal Process Mag, 29 (5), pp. 33-43; Humayed, A., Lin, J., Li, F., Luo, B., Cyber-physical systems security—a survey (2017) IEEE Internet Things J, 4 (6), pp. 1802-1831; Hwang, J.-H., Balazinska, M., Rasin, A., Cetintemel, U., Stonebraker, M., Zdonik, S., High-availability algorithms for distributed stream processing (2005) 21St International Conference on Data Engineering, pp. 779-790. , IEEE; Karimipour, H., Srikantha, P., Farag, H., Wei-Kocsis, J., (2020) Security of cyber-physical systems, , Springer, Cham; Kornecki, A.J., Subramanian, N., Zalewski, J., Studying interrelationships of safety and security for software assurance in cyber-physical systems: approach based on bayesian belief networks (2013) 2013 federated conference on computer science and information systems, pp. 1393-1399. , Kornecki AJ, (ed), IEEE, Krakow; Krämer, J., (2007) Continuous Queries over Data Streams—semantics and Implementation, , PhD thesis, University of Marburg; Liu, Y., Li, C., Secure distributed estimation over wireless sensor networks under attacks (2018) IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 54 (4), pp. 1815-1831; Liu, Y., Ning, P., Reiter, M.K., False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids (2011) ACM Trans Inform Syst Sec, 14 (1), pp. 1-33; Liu, T., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Gui, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, D., Shen, C., Abnormal traffic-indexed state estimation: a cyber-physical fusion approach for smart grid attack detection (2015) Future Gener Comput Syst, 49, pp. 94-103; Ma, L., Xu, G., Distributed resilient voltage and reactive power control for islanded microgrids under false data injection attacks (2020) Energies, 13 (15), p. 3828; Mahmoud, M.S., Hamdan, M.M., Baroudi, U.A., Modeling and control of cyber-physical systems subject to cyber attacks: a survey of recent advances and challenges (2019) Neurocomputing, 338, pp. 101-115; Merkli, S., Streaming in the cloud. PhD thesis, Master Thesis (2010) Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, pp. 2009-2010; Mo, Y., Sinopoli, B., Secure estimation in the presence of integrity attacks (2015) IEEE Transact Autom Control, 60 (4), pp. 1145-1151; Mustafa, A., Poudel, B., Bidram, A., Modares, H., Detection and mitigation of data manipulation attacks in AC microgrids (2020) IEEE Trans Smart Grid, 11 (3), pp. 2588-2603; Odysseus, , https://odysseus.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de/, Accessed 28 Feb 2023; Panteli, M., (2013) Impact of ICT Reliability and Situation Awareness on Power System Blackouts, , Doctor thesis; Pillitteri Victoria, Y., Brewer, T.L., Guidelines for smart grid cybersecurity (2014) Technical Report, NISTIR, , https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2014/NIST.IR.7628r1.pdf, Accessed 28 Aug 2023; Rosinger, C., Beer, S., Glaubwürdigkeit in dynamischen Wirkleistungsverbünden (2015) Informatik-Spektrum, 38 (2), pp. 103-110; Rosinger, C., Uslar, M., Sauer, J., Threat scenarios to evaluate trustworthiness of multi-agents in the energy data management (2013) 7Th International Conference on Environmental Informatics for Environmental Protection, Sustainable Development and Risk Management, Enviroinfo 2013, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 258-264. , September 2-4, 2013. Proceedings. Shaker, Hamburg; Rosinger, C., Uslar, M., Sauer, J., Using information security as a facet of trustworthiness for self-organizing agents in energy coalition formation processes (2014) Enviroinfo, pp. 373-380. , . BIS-Verlag, Oldenburg; Steghöfer, J.-P., Kiefhaber, R., Leichtenstern, K., Bernard, Y., Klejnowski, L., Reif, W., Ungerer, T., Müller-Schloer, C., (2010) Trustworthy organic computing systems: challenges and perspectives, pp. 62-76. , Springer, Berlin; Stonebraker, M., Çetintemel, U., Zdonik, S., The 8 requirements of real-time stream processing (2005) SIGMOD Rec, 34 (4), pp. 42-47; Wang, J., Shi, D., Cyber-attacks related to intelligent electronic devices and their countermeasures: A review (2018) 2018 53Rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), , IEEE, Glasgow; Xie, B., Peng, C., Yang, M., Kong, X., Zhang, T., A novel trust-based false data detection method for power systems under false data injection attacks (2019) J Frank Inst; Xing, L., Cascading failures in internet of things: review and perspectives on reliability and resilience (2020) IEEE Internet Things J, 4662, p. 1; Xiong, K., Ning, P., Cost-efficient and attack-resilient approaches for state estimation in power grids (2015) Proceedings of the 30Th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 2192-2197. , ACM, Salamanca

PY - 2023/10/19

Y1 - 2023/10/19

N2 - Information and communication technology (ICT) is an increasing part of modern power systems, which are, therefore, recognised as cyber-physical energy system (CPESs). The increase of ICT affects the situational awareness in CPESs, which is traditionally solely based on information about the power system but not about the ICT system. However, CPESs are facing various challenges regarding the integrity, correctness, and availability of process data due to the interconnection with ICT. Examples are stealthy false data injection attack (FDIAs). This paper pursues a holistic approach to describe the quality of process data, which brings together aspects like integrity, correctness, and availability in multivariate trust values. The arising research question this paper deals with is, how multivariate trust in physical measurements in a CPES can be modelled, estimated, and integrated into situational awareness. A proposed framework implements a context-sensitive and multivariate trust model as well as a trust sensitive state estimation. While these two artefacts are already published, the focus of this paper is on the implementation of the framework and the fulfilment of the requirements for timeliness, interoperability, flexibility, and scalability. It is evaluated in three different scenarios with CIGRE and IEEE benchmark grids. © 2023, The Author(s).

AB - Information and communication technology (ICT) is an increasing part of modern power systems, which are, therefore, recognised as cyber-physical energy system (CPESs). The increase of ICT affects the situational awareness in CPESs, which is traditionally solely based on information about the power system but not about the ICT system. However, CPESs are facing various challenges regarding the integrity, correctness, and availability of process data due to the interconnection with ICT. Examples are stealthy false data injection attack (FDIAs). This paper pursues a holistic approach to describe the quality of process data, which brings together aspects like integrity, correctness, and availability in multivariate trust values. The arising research question this paper deals with is, how multivariate trust in physical measurements in a CPES can be modelled, estimated, and integrated into situational awareness. A proposed framework implements a context-sensitive and multivariate trust model as well as a trust sensitive state estimation. While these two artefacts are already published, the focus of this paper is on the implementation of the framework and the fulfilment of the requirements for timeliness, interoperability, flexibility, and scalability. It is evaluated in three different scenarios with CIGRE and IEEE benchmark grids. © 2023, The Author(s).

KW - Cyber-physical energy system

KW - Data stream management system

KW - Event-driven processing

KW - State estimation

KW - Trust

KW - Cyber Physical System

KW - Electric power system interconnection

KW - Information management

KW - Smart power grids

KW - Cybe-physical energy system

KW - Cyber physicals

KW - Data stream management systems

KW - Energy systems

KW - Event-driven

KW - Information and Communication Technologies

KW - Physical energy

KW - Power

U2 - 10.1186/s42162-023-00276-1

DO - 10.1186/s42162-023-00276-1

M3 - Article

SN - 2520-8942

VL - 6

JO - Energy. Inform.

JF - Energy. Inform.

ER -

Assess: anomaly sensitive state estimation with streaming systems

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