A Simple Approach to Distinguish Classic and Formaldehyde-Free Tannin Based Rigid Foams by ATR FT-IR

G. Tondi; M. Link; C.W. Oo; A. Petutschnigg

doi:10.1155/2015/902340

A Simple Approach to Distinguish Classic and Formaldehyde-Free Tannin Based Rigid Foams by ATR FT-IR

G. Tondi, M. Link, C.W. Oo, A. Petutschnigg

Design and Green Engineering

School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Tannin based rigid foams (TBRFs) have been produced with formaldehyde since 1994. Only recently several methods have been developed in order to produce these foams without using formaldehyde. TBRFs with and without formaldehyde are visually indistinguishable; therefore a method for determining the differences between these foams had to be found. The attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) investigation of the TBRFs presented in this paper allowed discrimination between the formaldehyde-containing (classic) and formaldehyde-free TBRFs. The spectra of the formaldehyde-free TBRFs, indeed, present decreased band intensity related to the C-O stretching vibration of (i) the methylol groups and (ii) the furanic rings. This evidence served to prove the chemical difference between the two TBRFs and explained the slightly higher mechanical properties measured for the classic TBRFs. © 2015 Gianluca Tondi et al.

Original language	English
Journal	Journal of Spectroscopy
Volume	2015
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/902340
Publication status	Published - 2015

Keywords

Flavonoids
Infrared spectroscopy
Mechanical properties
O rings
Stretching
Tannins
ATR FTIR
Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy
Band intensity
C-O stretching
Formaldehyde free
Methylol
Rigid foams
Simple approach
Formaldehyde
formaldehyde
furan derivative
methanol derivative
phenol derivative
tannin
tannin based rigid foam
unclassified drug
absorption
aromatization
Article
attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy
conjugation
Diels Alder reaction
foam
infrared spectroscopy
polymerization
ring opening
spectrum
stereospecificity
vibration

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10.1155/2015/902340

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84924565486&doi=10.1155%2f2015%2f902340&partnerID=40&md5=cc952dd319684140442961efb163fa42

Cite this

@article{7ac0ff7af76d4032a25af1ee787afdf3,

title = "A Simple Approach to Distinguish Classic and Formaldehyde-Free Tannin Based Rigid Foams by ATR FT-IR",

abstract = "Tannin based rigid foams (TBRFs) have been produced with formaldehyde since 1994. Only recently several methods have been developed in order to produce these foams without using formaldehyde. TBRFs with and without formaldehyde are visually indistinguishable; therefore a method for determining the differences between these foams had to be found. The attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) investigation of the TBRFs presented in this paper allowed discrimination between the formaldehyde-containing (classic) and formaldehyde-free TBRFs. The spectra of the formaldehyde-free TBRFs, indeed, present decreased band intensity related to the C-O stretching vibration of (i) the methylol groups and (ii) the furanic rings. This evidence served to prove the chemical difference between the two TBRFs and explained the slightly higher mechanical properties measured for the classic TBRFs. {\textcopyright} 2015 Gianluca Tondi et al.",

keywords = "Flavonoids, Infrared spectroscopy, Mechanical properties, O rings, Stretching, Tannins, ATR FTIR, Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, Band intensity, C-O stretching, Formaldehyde free, Methylol, Rigid foams, Simple approach, Formaldehyde, formaldehyde, furan derivative, methanol derivative, phenol derivative, tannin, tannin based rigid foam, unclassified drug, absorption, aromatization, Article, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, conjugation, Diels Alder reaction, foam, infrared spectroscopy, polymerization, ring opening, spectrum, stereospecificity, vibration",

author = "G. Tondi and M. Link and C.W. Oo and A. Petutschnigg",

note = "Cited By :26 Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Tondi, G.; Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, 136a Marktstra{\ss}e, Austria Chemicals/CAS: formaldehyde, 50-00-0; tannin, 1401-55-4 References: Meikleham, N.E., Pizzi, A., Acid- and alkali-catalyzed tannin-based rigid foams (1994) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 53 (11), pp. 1547-1556; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Tannin-based rigid foams: Characterization and modification (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 29 (2-3), pp. 356-363; Tondi, G., Zhao, W., Pizzi, A., Du, G., Fierro, V., Celzard, A., Tannin-based rigid foams: A survey of chemical and physical properties (2009) Bioresource Technology, 100 (21), pp. 5162-5169; Tondi, G., Oo, C.W., Pizzi, A., Trosa, A., Thevenon, M.F., Metal adsorption of tannin based rigid foams (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 29 (2-3), pp. 336-340; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Olives, R., Natural tannin-based rigid foams as insulation for doors and wall panels (2008) Maderas: Ciencia y Tecnologia, 10 (3), pp. 219-227; Tondi, G., Johansson, M., Leijonmark, S., Trey, S., Tannin based foams modified to be semi-conductive: Synthesis and characterization (2015) Progress in Organic Coatings, 78, pp. 488-493; Tondi, G., Blacher, S., Leonard, A., X-ray microtomography studies of tannin-derived organic and carbon foams (2009) Microscopy and Microanalysis, 15 (5), pp. 384-394; (2006) Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, , http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/, Group 1,88,100F; Basso, M.C., Li, X., Fierro, V., Pizzi, A., Giovando, S., Celzard, A., Green, formaldehyde-free, foams for thermal insulation (2011) Advanced Materials Letters, 2 (6), pp. 378-382; Lacoste, C., Basso, M.C., Pizzi, A., Laborie, M.-P., Garcia, D., Celzard, A., Bioresourced pine tannin/furanic foams with glyoxal and glutaraldehyde (2013) Industrial Crops and Products, 45, pp. 401-405; Link, M., Kolbitsch, C., Tondi, G., Ebner, M., Wieland, S., Petutschnigg, A., Tannin-based foams for panels (2011) Bioresources, 6, pp. 4218-4228; Kolbitsch, C., Link, M., Petutschnigg, A., Wieland, S., Tondi, G., Microwave produced tannin-furanic foam (2012) Journal of Materials Research, 1 (3), pp. 84-91; Tondi, G., Link, M., Kolbitsch, C., Petutschnigg, A., Infraredcatalyzed synthesis of tannin-furanic foams (2014) BioResources, 9 (1), pp. 984-993; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Structure degradation, conservation and rearrangement in the carbonisation of polyflavonoid tannin/furanic rigid foams - A MALDI-TOF investigation (2008) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93 (5), pp. 968-975; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Rode, K., MALDIToF investigation of furanic polymer foams before and after carbonization: Aromatic rearrangement and surviving furanic structures (2008) European Polymer Journal, 44 (9), pp. 2938-2943; Pizzi, A., Tondi, G., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight structure determination of complex thermoset networks: Polyflavonoid tanninfuranic rigid foams (2008) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 110 (3), pp. 1451-1456; Reyer, A., Tondi, G., Demker, M., Petutschnigg, A., Musso, M., Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, , submitted; Pizzi, A., Tannin-based wood adhesives (1994) Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology, pp. 149-217. , chapter 5 Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA; Hagerman, A.E., Butler, L.G., Tannins and lignin (1991) Herbivores, their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites, pp. 355-383. , chapter 10 Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA; Choura, M., Belgacem, N.M., Gandini, A., Acid-catalyzed polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol: Mechanisms of chromophore formation and cross-linking (1996) Macromolecules, 29 (11), pp. 3839-3850; Choura, M., Belgacem, N.M., Gandini, A., The acidcatalyzed polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol: Old puzzles unravelled (1997) Macromolecular Symposia, 122 (1), pp. 263-268; Burket, C.L., Rajagopalan, R., Marencic, A.P., Dronvajjala, K., Foley, H.C., Genesis of porosity in polyfurfuryl alcohol derived nanoporous carbon (2006) Carbon, 44 (14), pp. 2957-2963; Tondi, G., Petutschnigg, A., Middle infrared (ATR FT-MIR) characterization of industrial tannin extracts (2015) Industrial Crops and Products; Conley, R.T., Metil, I., An investigation of the structure of furfuryl alcohol polycondensates with infrared spectroscopy (1963) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 7 (1), pp. 37-52; Unsalan, O., Erdogdu, Y., Gulluoglu, M.T., FT-Raman and FT-IR spectral and quantum chemical studies on some flavonoid derivatives: Baicalein and Naringenin (2009) Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 40 (5), pp. 562-570; Ping, L., Pizzi, A., Guo, Z.D., Brosse, N., Condensed tannins from grape pomace: Characterization by FTIR and MALDI TOF and production of environment friendly wood adhesive (2012) Industrial Crops and Products, 40 (1), pp. 13-20; Song, C., Wang, T., Wang, X., Qiu, J., Cao, Y., Preparation and gas separation properties of poly(furfuryl alcohol)-based C/CMS composite membranes (2008) Separation and Purification Thechnology, 58 (3), pp. 412-418; Ajuong, E.-M.A., Birkinshaw, C., The effects of acetylation on the extractives of Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) and Larch (Larix leptoleptis) wood (2004) Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff, 62 (3), pp. 189-196; Oo, C.W., Kassim, M.J., Pizzi, A., Characterization and performance of Rhizophora apiculata mangrove polyflavonoid tannins in the adsorption of copper (II) and lead (II) (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 30 (1), pp. 152-161; Meikleham, N.E., Pizzi, A., Acid- and alkali-catalyzed tannin-based rigid foams (1994) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 53 (11), pp. 1547-1556; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Tannin-based rigid foams: Characterization and modification (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 29 (2-3), pp. 356-363; Tondi, G., Zhao, W., Pizzi, A., Du, G., Fierro, V., Celzard, A., Tannin-based rigid foams: A survey of chemical and physical properties (2009) Bioresource Technology, 100 (21), pp. 5162-5169; Tondi, G., Oo, C.W., Pizzi, A., Trosa, A., Thevenon, M.F., Metal adsorption of tannin based rigid foams (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 29 (2-3), pp. 336-340; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Olives, R., Natural tannin-based rigid foams as insulation for doors and wall panels (2008) Maderas: Ciencia y Tecnologia, 10 (3), pp. 219-227; Tondi, G., Johansson, M., Leijonmark, S., Trey, S., Tannin based foams modified to be semi-conductive: Synthesis and characterization (2015) Progress in Organic Coatings, 78, pp. 488-493; Tondi, G., Blacher, S., Leonard, A., X-ray microtomography studies of tannin-derived organic and carbon foams (2009) Microscopy and Microanalysis, 15 (5), pp. 384-394; (2006) Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, , http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/, Group 1,88,100F; Basso, M.C., Li, X., Fierro, V., Pizzi, A., Giovando, S., Celzard, A., Green, formaldehyde-free, foams for thermal insulation (2011) Advanced Materials Letters, 2 (6), pp. 378-382; Lacoste, C., Basso, M.C., Pizzi, A., Laborie, M.-P., Garcia, D., Celzard, A., Bioresourced pine tannin/furanic foams with glyoxal and glutaraldehyde (2013) Industrial Crops and Products, 45, pp. 401-405; Link, M., Kolbitsch, C., Tondi, G., Ebner, M., Wieland, S., Petutschnigg, A., Tannin-based foams for panels (2011) Bioresources, 6, pp. 4218-4228; Kolbitsch, C., Link, M., Petutschnigg, A., Wieland, S., Tondi, G., Microwave produced tannin-furanic foam (2012) Journal of Materials Research, 1 (3), pp. 84-91; Tondi, G., Link, M., Kolbitsch, C., Petutschnigg, A., Infraredcatalyzed synthesis of tannin-furanic foams (2014) BioResources, 9 (1), pp. 984-993; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Structure degradation, conservation and rearrangement in the carbonisation of polyflavonoid tannin/furanic rigid foams - A MALDI-TOF investigation (2008) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93 (5), pp. 968-975; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Rode, K., MALDIToF investigation of furanic polymer foams before and after carbonization: Aromatic rearrangement and surviving furanic structures (2008) European Polymer Journal, 44 (9), pp. 2938-2943; Pizzi, A., Tondi, G., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight structure determination of complex thermoset networks: Polyflavonoid tanninfuranic rigid foams (2008) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 110 (3), pp. 1451-1456; Reyer, A., Tondi, G., Demker, M., Petutschnigg, A., Musso, M., Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, , submitted; Pizzi, A., Tannin-based wood adhesives (1994) Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology, pp. 149-217. , chapter 5 Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA; Hagerman, A.E., Butler, L.G., Tannins and lignin (1991) Herbivores, their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites, pp. 355-383. , chapter 10 Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA; Choura, M., Belgacem, N.M., Gandini, A., Acid-catalyzed polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol: Mechanisms of chromophore formation and cross-linking (1996) Macromolecules, 29 (11), pp. 3839-3850; Choura, M., Belgacem, N.M., Gandini, A., The acidcatalyzed polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol: Old puzzles unravelled (1997) Macromolecular Symposia, 122 (1), pp. 263-268; Burket, C.L., Rajagopalan, R., Marencic, A.P., Dronvajjala, K., Foley, H.C., Genesis of porosity in polyfurfuryl alcohol derived nanoporous carbon (2006) Carbon, 44 (14), pp. 2957-2963; Tondi, G., Petutschnigg, A., Middle infrared (ATR FT-MIR) characterization of industrial tannin extracts (2015) Industrial Crops and Products; Conley, R.T., Metil, I., An investigation of the structure of furfuryl alcohol polycondensates with infrared spectroscopy (1963) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 7 (1), pp. 37-52; Unsalan, O., Erdogdu, Y., Gulluoglu, M.T., FT-Raman and FT-IR spectral and quantum chemical studies on some flavonoid derivatives: Baicalein and Naringenin (2009) Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 40 (5), pp. 562-570; Ping, L., Pizzi, A., Guo, Z.D., Brosse, N., Condensed tannins from grape pomace: Characterization by FTIR and MALDI TOF and production of environment friendly wood adhesive (2012) Industrial Crops and Products, 40 (1), pp. 13-20; Song, C., Wang, T., Wang, X., Qiu, J., Cao, Y., Preparation and gas separation properties of poly(furfuryl alcohol)-based C/CMS composite membranes (2008) Separation and Purification Thechnology, 58 (3), pp. 412-418; Ajuong, E.-M.A., Birkinshaw, C., The effects of acetylation on the extractives of Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) and Larch (Larix leptoleptis) wood (2004) Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff, 62 (3), pp. 189-196; Oo, C.W., Kassim, M.J., Pizzi, A., Characterization and performance of Rhizophora apiculata mangrove polyflavonoid tannins in the adsorption of copper (II) and lead (II) (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 30 (1), pp. 152-161",

year = "2015",

doi = "10.1155/2015/902340",

language = "English",

volume = "2015",

journal = "Journal of Spectroscopy",

issn = "2314-4920",

publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Ltd",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - A Simple Approach to Distinguish Classic and Formaldehyde-Free Tannin Based Rigid Foams by ATR FT-IR

AU - Tondi, G.

AU - Link, M.

AU - Oo, C.W.

AU - Petutschnigg, A.

N1 - Cited By :26 Export Date: 14 December 2023 Correspondence Address: Tondi, G.; Forest Products Technology and Timber Construction Department, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, 136a Marktstraße, Austria Chemicals/CAS: formaldehyde, 50-00-0; tannin, 1401-55-4 References: Meikleham, N.E., Pizzi, A., Acid- and alkali-catalyzed tannin-based rigid foams (1994) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 53 (11), pp. 1547-1556; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Tannin-based rigid foams: Characterization and modification (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 29 (2-3), pp. 356-363; Tondi, G., Zhao, W., Pizzi, A., Du, G., Fierro, V., Celzard, A., Tannin-based rigid foams: A survey of chemical and physical properties (2009) Bioresource Technology, 100 (21), pp. 5162-5169; Tondi, G., Oo, C.W., Pizzi, A., Trosa, A., Thevenon, M.F., Metal adsorption of tannin based rigid foams (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 29 (2-3), pp. 336-340; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Olives, R., Natural tannin-based rigid foams as insulation for doors and wall panels (2008) Maderas: Ciencia y Tecnologia, 10 (3), pp. 219-227; Tondi, G., Johansson, M., Leijonmark, S., Trey, S., Tannin based foams modified to be semi-conductive: Synthesis and characterization (2015) Progress in Organic Coatings, 78, pp. 488-493; Tondi, G., Blacher, S., Leonard, A., X-ray microtomography studies of tannin-derived organic and carbon foams (2009) Microscopy and Microanalysis, 15 (5), pp. 384-394; (2006) Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, , http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/, Group 1,88,100F; Basso, M.C., Li, X., Fierro, V., Pizzi, A., Giovando, S., Celzard, A., Green, formaldehyde-free, foams for thermal insulation (2011) Advanced Materials Letters, 2 (6), pp. 378-382; Lacoste, C., Basso, M.C., Pizzi, A., Laborie, M.-P., Garcia, D., Celzard, A., Bioresourced pine tannin/furanic foams with glyoxal and glutaraldehyde (2013) Industrial Crops and Products, 45, pp. 401-405; Link, M., Kolbitsch, C., Tondi, G., Ebner, M., Wieland, S., Petutschnigg, A., Tannin-based foams for panels (2011) Bioresources, 6, pp. 4218-4228; Kolbitsch, C., Link, M., Petutschnigg, A., Wieland, S., Tondi, G., Microwave produced tannin-furanic foam (2012) Journal of Materials Research, 1 (3), pp. 84-91; Tondi, G., Link, M., Kolbitsch, C., Petutschnigg, A., Infraredcatalyzed synthesis of tannin-furanic foams (2014) BioResources, 9 (1), pp. 984-993; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Structure degradation, conservation and rearrangement in the carbonisation of polyflavonoid tannin/furanic rigid foams - A MALDI-TOF investigation (2008) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93 (5), pp. 968-975; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Rode, K., MALDIToF investigation of furanic polymer foams before and after carbonization: Aromatic rearrangement and surviving furanic structures (2008) European Polymer Journal, 44 (9), pp. 2938-2943; Pizzi, A., Tondi, G., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight structure determination of complex thermoset networks: Polyflavonoid tanninfuranic rigid foams (2008) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 110 (3), pp. 1451-1456; Reyer, A., Tondi, G., Demker, M., Petutschnigg, A., Musso, M., Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, , submitted; Pizzi, A., Tannin-based wood adhesives (1994) Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology, pp. 149-217. , chapter 5 Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA; Hagerman, A.E., Butler, L.G., Tannins and lignin (1991) Herbivores, their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites, pp. 355-383. , chapter 10 Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA; Choura, M., Belgacem, N.M., Gandini, A., Acid-catalyzed polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol: Mechanisms of chromophore formation and cross-linking (1996) Macromolecules, 29 (11), pp. 3839-3850; Choura, M., Belgacem, N.M., Gandini, A., The acidcatalyzed polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol: Old puzzles unravelled (1997) Macromolecular Symposia, 122 (1), pp. 263-268; Burket, C.L., Rajagopalan, R., Marencic, A.P., Dronvajjala, K., Foley, H.C., Genesis of porosity in polyfurfuryl alcohol derived nanoporous carbon (2006) Carbon, 44 (14), pp. 2957-2963; Tondi, G., Petutschnigg, A., Middle infrared (ATR FT-MIR) characterization of industrial tannin extracts (2015) Industrial Crops and Products; Conley, R.T., Metil, I., An investigation of the structure of furfuryl alcohol polycondensates with infrared spectroscopy (1963) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 7 (1), pp. 37-52; Unsalan, O., Erdogdu, Y., Gulluoglu, M.T., FT-Raman and FT-IR spectral and quantum chemical studies on some flavonoid derivatives: Baicalein and Naringenin (2009) Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 40 (5), pp. 562-570; Ping, L., Pizzi, A., Guo, Z.D., Brosse, N., Condensed tannins from grape pomace: Characterization by FTIR and MALDI TOF and production of environment friendly wood adhesive (2012) Industrial Crops and Products, 40 (1), pp. 13-20; Song, C., Wang, T., Wang, X., Qiu, J., Cao, Y., Preparation and gas separation properties of poly(furfuryl alcohol)-based C/CMS composite membranes (2008) Separation and Purification Thechnology, 58 (3), pp. 412-418; Ajuong, E.-M.A., Birkinshaw, C., The effects of acetylation on the extractives of Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) and Larch (Larix leptoleptis) wood (2004) Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff, 62 (3), pp. 189-196; Oo, C.W., Kassim, M.J., Pizzi, A., Characterization and performance of Rhizophora apiculata mangrove polyflavonoid tannins in the adsorption of copper (II) and lead (II) (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 30 (1), pp. 152-161; Meikleham, N.E., Pizzi, A., Acid- and alkali-catalyzed tannin-based rigid foams (1994) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 53 (11), pp. 1547-1556; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Tannin-based rigid foams: Characterization and modification (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 29 (2-3), pp. 356-363; Tondi, G., Zhao, W., Pizzi, A., Du, G., Fierro, V., Celzard, A., Tannin-based rigid foams: A survey of chemical and physical properties (2009) Bioresource Technology, 100 (21), pp. 5162-5169; Tondi, G., Oo, C.W., Pizzi, A., Trosa, A., Thevenon, M.F., Metal adsorption of tannin based rigid foams (2009) Industrial Crops and Products, 29 (2-3), pp. 336-340; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Olives, R., Natural tannin-based rigid foams as insulation for doors and wall panels (2008) Maderas: Ciencia y Tecnologia, 10 (3), pp. 219-227; Tondi, G., Johansson, M., Leijonmark, S., Trey, S., Tannin based foams modified to be semi-conductive: Synthesis and characterization (2015) Progress in Organic Coatings, 78, pp. 488-493; Tondi, G., Blacher, S., Leonard, A., X-ray microtomography studies of tannin-derived organic and carbon foams (2009) Microscopy and Microanalysis, 15 (5), pp. 384-394; (2006) Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, , http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/, Group 1,88,100F; Basso, M.C., Li, X., Fierro, V., Pizzi, A., Giovando, S., Celzard, A., Green, formaldehyde-free, foams for thermal insulation (2011) Advanced Materials Letters, 2 (6), pp. 378-382; Lacoste, C., Basso, M.C., Pizzi, A., Laborie, M.-P., Garcia, D., Celzard, A., Bioresourced pine tannin/furanic foams with glyoxal and glutaraldehyde (2013) Industrial Crops and Products, 45, pp. 401-405; Link, M., Kolbitsch, C., Tondi, G., Ebner, M., Wieland, S., Petutschnigg, A., Tannin-based foams for panels (2011) Bioresources, 6, pp. 4218-4228; Kolbitsch, C., Link, M., Petutschnigg, A., Wieland, S., Tondi, G., Microwave produced tannin-furanic foam (2012) Journal of Materials Research, 1 (3), pp. 84-91; Tondi, G., Link, M., Kolbitsch, C., Petutschnigg, A., Infraredcatalyzed synthesis of tannin-furanic foams (2014) BioResources, 9 (1), pp. 984-993; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Structure degradation, conservation and rearrangement in the carbonisation of polyflavonoid tannin/furanic rigid foams - A MALDI-TOF investigation (2008) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93 (5), pp. 968-975; Tondi, G., Pizzi, A., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Rode, K., MALDIToF investigation of furanic polymer foams before and after carbonization: Aromatic rearrangement and surviving furanic structures (2008) European Polymer Journal, 44 (9), pp. 2938-2943; Pizzi, A., Tondi, G., Pasch, H., Celzard, A., Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight structure determination of complex thermoset networks: Polyflavonoid tanninfuranic rigid foams (2008) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 110 (3), pp. 1451-1456; Reyer, A., Tondi, G., Demker, M., Petutschnigg, A., Musso, M., Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, , submitted; Pizzi, A., Tannin-based wood adhesives (1994) Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology, pp. 149-217. , chapter 5 Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA; Hagerman, A.E., Butler, L.G., Tannins and lignin (1991) Herbivores, their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites, pp. 355-383. , chapter 10 Academic Press, San Diego, Calif, USA; Choura, M., Belgacem, N.M., Gandini, A., Acid-catalyzed polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol: Mechanisms of chromophore formation and cross-linking (1996) Macromolecules, 29 (11), pp. 3839-3850; Choura, M., Belgacem, N.M., Gandini, A., The acidcatalyzed polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol: Old puzzles unravelled (1997) Macromolecular Symposia, 122 (1), pp. 263-268; Burket, C.L., Rajagopalan, R., Marencic, A.P., Dronvajjala, K., Foley, H.C., Genesis of porosity in polyfurfuryl alcohol derived nanoporous carbon (2006) Carbon, 44 (14), pp. 2957-2963; Tondi, G., Petutschnigg, A., Middle infrared (ATR FT-MIR) characterization of industrial tannin extracts (2015) Industrial Crops and Products; 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PY - 2015

Y1 - 2015

N2 - Tannin based rigid foams (TBRFs) have been produced with formaldehyde since 1994. Only recently several methods have been developed in order to produce these foams without using formaldehyde. TBRFs with and without formaldehyde are visually indistinguishable; therefore a method for determining the differences between these foams had to be found. The attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) investigation of the TBRFs presented in this paper allowed discrimination between the formaldehyde-containing (classic) and formaldehyde-free TBRFs. The spectra of the formaldehyde-free TBRFs, indeed, present decreased band intensity related to the C-O stretching vibration of (i) the methylol groups and (ii) the furanic rings. This evidence served to prove the chemical difference between the two TBRFs and explained the slightly higher mechanical properties measured for the classic TBRFs. © 2015 Gianluca Tondi et al.

AB - Tannin based rigid foams (TBRFs) have been produced with formaldehyde since 1994. Only recently several methods have been developed in order to produce these foams without using formaldehyde. TBRFs with and without formaldehyde are visually indistinguishable; therefore a method for determining the differences between these foams had to be found. The attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) investigation of the TBRFs presented in this paper allowed discrimination between the formaldehyde-containing (classic) and formaldehyde-free TBRFs. The spectra of the formaldehyde-free TBRFs, indeed, present decreased band intensity related to the C-O stretching vibration of (i) the methylol groups and (ii) the furanic rings. This evidence served to prove the chemical difference between the two TBRFs and explained the slightly higher mechanical properties measured for the classic TBRFs. © 2015 Gianluca Tondi et al.

KW - Flavonoids

KW - Infrared spectroscopy

KW - Mechanical properties

KW - O rings

KW - Stretching

KW - Tannins

KW - ATR FTIR

KW - Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy

KW - Band intensity

KW - C-O stretching

KW - Formaldehyde free

KW - Methylol

KW - Rigid foams

KW - Simple approach

KW - Formaldehyde

KW - formaldehyde

KW - furan derivative

KW - methanol derivative

KW - phenol derivative

KW - tannin

KW - tannin based rigid foam

KW - unclassified drug

KW - absorption

KW - aromatization

KW - Article

KW - attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy

KW - conjugation

KW - Diels Alder reaction

KW - foam

KW - infrared spectroscopy

KW - polymerization

KW - ring opening

KW - spectrum

KW - stereospecificity

KW - vibration

U2 - 10.1155/2015/902340

DO - 10.1155/2015/902340

M3 - Article

SN - 2314-4920

VL - 2015

JO - Journal of Spectroscopy

JF - Journal of Spectroscopy

ER -

A Simple Approach to Distinguish Classic and Formaldehyde-Free Tannin Based Rigid Foams by ATR FT-IR

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